FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Submitted to. Submitted By.

Er. Ridhima Aggarwal Manjeet Singh
17020100005
 FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Structures which support external forces and

self weight on account of particular form given t
o their material are known as form active struct
ure. These are also known as adaptive mecha
nical structures in which form of the structure /
building can altered mechanically in response t
o environmental changes. Form Active Structur
e Systems redirect external forces by simple n
ormal stresses the suspension cable by tensio
n. The bearing mechanism of form active struct
ure systems vests essentially on the material f
orm.
Tensile (Cable Structures) Arches (Compression Structures)

• Cable are relatively slender,flexible beca • It is a curved structure capable of spanning a sp

use of this small lateral dimension in relat ace while Supporting significant weight. The eart
ion to their length members composed of h was first developed in the Indus valley civilizati
on 2500 BC. The arch became an important tech
high strength wire twisted together to for
nique in cathedral building and is still used today
m a strand, have an ultimate tensile stren
in some modern structures such as bridges. Arch
gth of approximately 1862 Mpa The twist es were used by the Persian,Harappan,Egyptia
ing operation imparts a spiral pattern to in n,Babylonian,Greek and Assyrian Civilization for
dividual wire.Flexibility of cables indicate underground structures such as drain and vaults
a Limited resistance to bending,they can but the ancient Romans were the first to use the
carry direct tension stress but they would m widely above ground although it is thought tha
buckle under compressive forces. t Romans learned it from the Etruscans.
 LOADING MECHANISM

The high tensile strength of steel, combined with the efficiency of simple tension, ma
kes a steel cable the ideal structural element to span large distances.Cables are flex
ible because o their large shall lateral dimensions in relation to their lengths. As une
ven stresses true to bending are prevented by flexibility the tensile load is evenly divi
ded among the cable strands. In order to understand the mechanism by means of w
hich a cable supports vertical loads, one may first consider a cable suspended betw
een two fixed points, located at the same level and carrying a single load at mid spa
n. Under the action of the load the cable assumes a symmetrical triangular shape an
d half the load is carried to each support by simple tension along he two halves of th
e cable.
 CABLE SAG

The parabola shape acquired by the cable is characteri

zed by the SAG : the vertical distance between the sup
ports and the lowest point in the cable. Without the sag
the cable cannot carry the load, since the tensile forces
in if would be horizontal and horizontal forces cannot b
alance the vertical load. The undivided pull of the saggi
ng cable on each support may be split into two compon
ents : • a downward force equal to half the load • a hori
zontal inward pull or thrust. The thrust is inversely prop
ortional to the sag; halving the sag doubles the thrust. T
his raises an interesting question of economy through.
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF CABLES
To understand the mechanism by which cabkes support vertical loads, consi
der the following:-
• Self weight
under its own dead weight i.e. uniformly distributed load acting along the len
ght of cable, the cable takes the form of a catenary sag, optimal sag for the c
atenary is about one third of the span.
 Central point load
Consider a cable suspended between two fixed poin
ts located at same level and suporting a single point
load at mid span, the cable will assume the shape o
f a symmetrical triangle.The cable is able to support
the load only because of SAG, Without sag the cabl
e cannot support a vertical load tensio in cable will b
e horizontal and a horzontal force cannot balance a
vertical load.
The etension in cable at each support may be split i
nto two components H1 and V1 wherein H1 tends to
pull the supports inward and there is a vertical down
ward force V1 equal to half the load. To counter thes
e forces the supports must provide reactions RV1 an
d RH1 equal and opposite to V1 and H1
 Number of point loads
if a cable is subjected to asymetrical load, it will take
the form of Asymmetrical triangle carrying the load b
y developing different tensions in two different parts
as cables are not constant force structures, also dev
eloping different vertical rwactions at suppourts but t
he horizontal thrust will be equal at both the support.
Now if the cable is subjected to number of verticsl lo
ads of unequal magnitudes,different straight-line seg
ments of the cable will have different teensions and v
ertical reactions at t supports,but the horizontal thrus
ts at supports will again be equal.This shape of cabl
e having number of straight lengths inclined at differe
nt angles to horizontal is called a Funicular Polygon.I
n Greek Language , Funis (ropes) poly (many) Gonia
(angles).
Uniformly Distributd Load along span of cable
A cable subjected to UDL along the span can be visualied as a cable subjected to large num
ber of equal magnitude closelys paced vertical loads and in this case the furnicular shape of
the cable ins parabola.
Further it is seen that the maximum sag in case of Catenary and parabola are equal, shows t
he comparative shape of two curves. A cables carrying its o self weight and a UDL along its s
pan has a shape intermediate between catenary and a parabola. The optimum sag for a cabl
e with uniform loading will be approximately equal to one third of the span. The exact sag ch
osen will depend on the design of supporting masts, overall context in whichcable is being u
sed. Most cable structures used in buildings have sag to span ratio of 1/8-1/10
Arches
 lateral Behavior Of Arches

• To deal with behaviour of arch in the lateral direction, there are two m
ethods-
• Provide fixed base connections
• Commonly used is by relying on members placed transversely to the
arch.
• a pair of arches is stabilized through use of diagonal elements.
• interior arches are stabilized by being connected to the end arches by
connecting transverse members
• Lateral buckling can be solved by laterally bracing arches with other e
lements
 EARLY CURVED ARCHES

• Structure was often made more stable by the superimposition of ad

ditional weight on its top, thus firming up the arch.
• SHAPE OF ARCH is not chosen for purely structural reasons. The
HALF CIRCLE, used by the Romans, has convenient construction
properties that justify its use.
• Similarly, the POINTED gothic arch has both visual & structural ad
vantages, while the arabic arch, typical of the mosques & of some v
enetian architecture is ‘incorrect’ from a purely structural viewpoint.
Notre-Dame Cathedral

• Fine example of Gothic architecture,

built in mid-13th century. Ornate wes
t entrance shows the use of arches i
n early building construction. (Chartr
es, France) Notre-Dame Cathedral-
(South entrance) Note the use of he
avy ornate pinnacles to increase the
stability of the piers against overturni
ng from horizontal thrust component
of the arch.
ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text.

ADD TITLE HERE

ADD TITLE HERE

CONTENT

1、 Click to add text.

CONTENT

1、 Click to add text.

2、 Click to add text.

CONTENT

1、 Click to add text.

2、 Click to add text.

3、 Click to add text.

CONTENT

1、 Click to add text.

2、 Click to add text.

3、 Click to add text.

4、 Click to add text.

CONTENT
1、 Click to add text.

2、 Click to add text.

3、 Click to add text.

4、 Click to add text.

5、 Click to add text.

CONTENT
1、 Click to add text.

2、 Click to add text.

3、 Click to add text.

4、 Click to add text.

5、 Click to add text.

6、 Click to add text.

 01
Click to add text.
ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text.

ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text.

Click to add text.

ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text. Click to add text.

Click to add text.

ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text. Click to add text.

Click to add text. Click to add text.

ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text. Click to add text. Click to add text.

Click to add text. Click to add text.

ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text. Click to add text. Click to add text.

Click to add text. Click to add text. Click to add text.

 ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text.

 ADD TITLE HERE

Click to add text.

ADD TITLE HERE

TASK

Click to add
text.
ADD TITLE HERE

TASK TASK

Click to add Click to add

text. text.
ADD TITLE HERE

TASK TASK TASK

Click to add Click to add Click to add

text. text. text.
ADD TITLE HERE

TASK TASK TASK TASK

Click to add Click to add Click to add Click to add

text. text. text. text.
ADD TITLE HERE

TASK TASK TASK TASK TASK

Click to Click to Click to Click to Click to

add text. add text. add text. add text. add text.
ADD TITLE HERE

TASK TASK TASK TASK TASK TASK

Click to Click to Click to Click to Click to Click to

add text. add text. add text. add text. add text. add text.
THANKS