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China During The Modern Period

China during the modern period faced significant challenges including overpopulation, outdated farming methods, exploitation by landlords, and weak central government vulnerable to foreign domination. The 20th century was marked by repeated attempts at revolution to modernize China and end foreign control, including the Boxer Rebellion, Xinhai Revolution, May 4th Movement, and war with Japan. Ultimately, Mao Zedong led the Communist Party to victory in 1949 and established the People's Republic of China, but his radical policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution caused massive upheaval and human costs before economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping improved living standards.

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37 views10 pages

China During The Modern Period

China during the modern period faced significant challenges including overpopulation, outdated farming methods, exploitation by landlords, and weak central government vulnerable to foreign domination. The 20th century was marked by repeated attempts at revolution to modernize China and end foreign control, including the Boxer Rebellion, Xinhai Revolution, May 4th Movement, and war with Japan. Ultimately, Mao Zedong led the Communist Party to victory in 1949 and established the People's Republic of China, but his radical policies like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution caused massive upheaval and human costs before economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping improved living standards.

Uploaded by

allisonmartinhunt
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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China during the modern period

Chinese Society

Largest population in the world (400 million in 1900)

Not enough new land to farm

Farming methods didn’t progress much

Landlord and tax collectors- over 50% of harvest

Yellow River flooded 17 times from 1913-1938


Revolution and War

1900- Boxer Military thwarted


Rebellion Cixi dies in 1908 Sun’s plans
• Targeted foreigners, • Revolutionary • Warlords, not central
foreigners put down Alliance led by Sun government loyalties
rebellion Yat-sen wanted to • Regional army led by
• Many students take over Yuan Shikai refused
thought China • Spent time in to defend Qing
needed a Japan, England, US • Sun elected
revolution to get • Mix of nationalism, president of China,
rid of the Qing socialism, and but no military forces
dynasty Confucian • Sun resigns, Yuan
philosophy elected
Yuan Shikai

Squashed
attempts at
Military
Western-
leader,
style
government

Harassed
no political
Sun’s
platform
followers
May 4th movement
• 1919, students demonstrated against Japan’s control of German
enclaves in front of Forbidden City
• Spread to other areas
• New generation challenges old officials, regional generals,
foreigners

Sun attempts a comeback


• Not a communist, but open to some ideas of Lenin
• Welcomed communists into the Guomindang
• Died in 1925, leadership of the party passed to Chiang Kai-shek
• Chiang originally allied with the Communists, but once troops
were successful he allied himself with gangsters to defeat
Communists
• Chiang had ambitious plans to build railroads, develop agriculture
and industry, and modernize China
Manchurian Incident of 1931

Junior officers
Prepare to Japanese seize Mutinies and
lose patience,
Guomindang challenge Manchuria and assassinations
want to take
become Japanese recognize their of political
action,
stronger presence in “independence figures are
explosion on
Manchuria ” common
railroad track
Chinese Communists and the Long March
Chinese Communist Party was in the shadow of the
Guomindang

1927- Chiang Kai-shek arrests and executed Communists

Many Communists fled to SE China, including Mao Zedong


• Wanted a bottom up social revolution, gained peasant support
• Advocate of women’s equality
• Used guerilla warfare to fight Guomindang
• Decided to break out of southern mountains to NW China- Long March
(almost all died, Chiang thought Communists were gone)
Sino-Japanese War

By
November Chinese
July 7, 1937- Government
Japanese US and armies- large
Japanese Army drafted
troops seize League of and fought
troops over 3 Communists
Beijing, Nations bravely, but
attacked million men- also gained
Tianjin, denounce poorly led
Chinese Chinese support
Shanghai, Japan’s and armed-
forces near people don’t
etc. and actions lost EVERY
Beijing give up
blockaded battle
the coast
Communists Win

1949- Communists 1966- Cultural


defeat the Revolution- mobilize
nationalists and 1958- Great Leap
youth into Red Guard
establish the Forward- small-scale,
units, purge for
People’s Republic of village-level
“bourgeois values”
China industries
with executions,
• Allied with the Soviet beatings, etc.
union, but start to reject
Stalinism
After Mao
China makes
great economic
1976- Mao dies strides, still poor

Deng Xiaoping- 1989- inflation,


permits foreign movements in
investment (in favor of
SEZs), privatized democracy,
land students led
protests
(Tiananmen
Square- tanks kill
many)

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