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Cellular Technology

Cellular technology divides a geographical area into smaller sections called cells, each governed by a base transceiver station (BTS). This increases network capacity by reusing frequencies in non-adjacent cells. As users move between cells, their connection must transfer or "handoff" seamlessly to the new BTS through either soft or hard handoff procedures. By tracking users' locations through registers, cellular networks can efficiently direct calls to mobile devices as they roam across multiple cells.

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Tejas Madan
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58 views17 pages

Cellular Technology

Cellular technology divides a geographical area into smaller sections called cells, each governed by a base transceiver station (BTS). This increases network capacity by reusing frequencies in non-adjacent cells. As users move between cells, their connection must transfer or "handoff" seamlessly to the new BTS through either soft or hard handoff procedures. By tracking users' locations through registers, cellular networks can efficiently direct calls to mobile devices as they roam across multiple cells.

Uploaded by

Tejas Madan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY

Wireless Communication

 Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a


distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors or
"wires".
 Examples of devices using wireless communication:

 Cellular phones
 Cordless phones
 Satellite phones
 Wireless LANS etc.

 Wireless Communication => Also known as Mobile


Communication
Types of Mobile Communication Systems

 1st generation (1G): Voice


Ex:- Push to talk (Half Duplex)

 2nd generation (2G) : Voice and text,14.4kbps


Ex:- GSM systems (Full Duplex)

 2.5th generation (2.5G):Voice and text,115.2 kbps


Ex:-GPRS systems (Full Duplex)

 3rd generation (3G) : Voice and text,


Ex:- EDGE,CDMA 2000 and UMTS systems 2Mbps

 4th generation (4G) : Supports 100 Mbps speed


Cellular Technology…??

Division of the geographical


area into fixed and bounded
spaces.
Each cell is governed by a
BTS.
Increases the capacity over a
specific spectrum part
Architecture of Cellular Systems
 Mobile station. The GSM mobile station (or mobile
phone) communicates with other parts of the system
through the base-station system
 GSM Base station system (BSS).
   
  Base transceiver station (BTS). The base transceiver
station handles the radio interface to the mobile station.
The base transceiver station is the radio equipment
(transceivers and antennas)
 Base station controller (BSC). The BSC provides the
control functions and physical links between the MSC
and BTS. It provides functions such as handover, cell
configuration data etc.
 Mobile services switching center (MSC)- MSC provides
an interface for the cellular system to/from the core
network.
 Home location register (HLR). The HLR database is used
for storage and management of subscriptions. The home
location register stores permanent data about
subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile,
location information, and activity status.
 Visitor location register (VLR)-The VLR database
contains temporary information about subscribers that is
needed by the mobile services switching center (MSC) in
order to service visiting subscribers.
How does cellular technology
Increase the capacity over a specific
spectrum part
FDMA/TDMA

 Available frequency/time
channels are split into
several sets
 Adjacent cells have
different frequencies
 Without frequency reuse
the bandwidth
requirement increases.
 Reduces interference
 The frequency bandwidth
depends on the area on
the cell
 Using cellular approach effective number of channels
increases.
 Also there is a fixed relation between the frequencies used
and the radius of the cell
 Smaller cells are more efficient than larger cells.
FIXED CHANNEL ALLOCATION

 Channels are assigned to cells and not to mobile nodes.


 Drawback=>Frequency wastage.
 Borrowing Channel Allocation:- A heavily loaded cell
can borrow frequency channels from a lightly loaded
neighboring cell.
 Dynamic Channel Allocation:- MSCs directly assign
channels to cells depending upon their load
MOBILITY ISSUES
•LOCATION
•HANDOFF
Location

 It is necessary to track a mobile user in a cell so that an


incoming call can be directed to it efficiently.
 To facilitate the movement and tracking of the mobile users
MSCs employ the HLR and the VLR
 Each mobile device registers itself with the VLR of the
visiting cell when it moves out of its Home cell.
Handoff

 This phenomena occurs when the mobile user moves from


one cell to another cell.
 The control switches from one/old BTS to the new BTS.
 The BTS measures the RSS from the mobile device . If the
RSS is lower than a threshold value the control switches to
the new BTS.
 Handoffs are of two types:-
a) Soft Handoff b) Hard handoff
Soft Handoff
 In soft handoff, a ink is set up with the new BTS before
release of the old BTS.
 It is complex as the mobile device should be able to
communicate wit two BTS’s at the same time.
 Quite reliable
 It used in CDMA based systems.

Hard Handoff
 In hard handoff, the link to the old BTS is terminated
before establishing a link with the new BTS.
 It is used is most of the wireless systems
 It is less reliable
Handoff can also be of the following two types:

Mobile assisted Handoff:- In this type of handoff the


Mobile decides when to switch from the old BTS to
the new BTS.
Network assisted Handoff:- In this type of handoff
the network decides when to switch from the old BTS
to new BTS.
Ping Pong Effect

 The handing over of a mobile station from one BTS to


another and then from the second to the first again n again
is called the Ping Pong effect
 It occurs when the RSS from the mobile device keeps on
fluctuating.
 One way to overcome this effect is to use soft handoff or set
a handover margin i.e. when the RSS from the new BTS
exceeds the margin only then the handover should be done.

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