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Network Layer: Address Mapping

The document discusses address mapping between IP addresses and MAC addresses. It explains that ARP is used for dynamic address mapping to map IP addresses to MAC addresses when needed, such as when a device needs to send a packet but only knows the destination IP address. It provides details on the ARP request and reply process, including encapsulation of ARP packets into Ethernet frames. It also discusses static address mapping, proxy ARP, RARP, and BOOTP.

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Nischith Honnavar
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50 views30 pages

Network Layer: Address Mapping

The document discusses address mapping between IP addresses and MAC addresses. It explains that ARP is used for dynamic address mapping to map IP addresses to MAC addresses when needed, such as when a device needs to send a packet but only knows the destination IP address. It provides details on the ARP request and reply process, including encapsulation of ARP packets into Ethernet frames. It also discusses static address mapping, proxy ARP, RARP, and BOOTP.

Uploaded by

Nischith Honnavar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 30

Network layer

Address Mapping

1
ARP– The Address Resolution Protocol

2
Packet has to be sent on data link & physical link

Datalink does not understand IP address

Delivery of a packet to a host or router requires 2 levels of


addressing : IP and MAC

3
For example, every Ethernet board has a 48-bit MAC
address

Boards send and receive frames based on these


addresses only; They don’t understand 32 bit IP
address

There is a need to map IP addresses to MAC


address

4
Address mapping can be :

– Static
• Administratively assigned

or
– Dynamic
• Automatically assigned

5
Static mapping
• Manually creating a table in each machine on the
network
Limitations :
1. Machine can change network card –resulting new MAC address
2. A mobile computer can move from one physical network to
another , resulting in a change in its MAC address

This means , changing of static table, periodically, is tedious


6
Static mapping
• Servers should be assigned a static IP address so workstations and
other devices will always know how to access needed services

• Other devices that should be assigned static IP addresses are


network printers, application servers, and routers

7
Static IP Addresses

• Static assignment works best on small, infrequently changing networks


• Good recordkeeping is critical to prevent problems which occur with duplicate
IP addresses

8
Dynamic mapping
In dynamic mapping, each time a machine knows one of
the two addresses, it can use a protocol to find the other
one

Address Resolution Protocol ( ARP )


and
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ( RARP )

9
Figure 8-1

10
Figure 20.2 ARP operation

11
Note:

An ARP request is broadcast; an ARP reply is


unicast.

12
Cache memory
•Using ARP is inefficient if system A needs to
broadcast an ARP request for every IP packet
• Hence ARP reply is cached and kept for 20 to
30 minutes
• Before sending an ARP request the system first
checks its cache to see if it can find IP address
13
Figure 21.3 Encapsulation of ARP packet

14
ARP Operation

15
ARP Operation

1.Sender knows the IP address of the target


2. IP asks ARP to create an ARP request message
filling in :
• Sender physical address
• The sender IP address
• Target IP address
• Target physical address is filled with 0s
16
ARP Operation

3. The message is passed to Data


Link Layer where it is encapsulated
in a frame filling in the sender’s
physical address of the source
address
17
ARP Operation

4. Every host or router receives the frame.


Because it contains broadcast address, all
stations pass it to ARP
All machines except the one targeted drop
packet
The target machine recognises its IP
address 18
ARP Operation

5. Target machine replies with an


ARP reply message that contains
its physical address. The message
is a unicast

19
ARP Operation

6. The sender receives the reply


message . Now it knows the physical
address of the target machine

20
ARP Operation

7. The IP datagram. which carries


data for the target machine, is now
encapsulated in a frame and
unicast to the destination

21
Figure 21.2 ARP packet

22
Figure 21.5 Example 21.1, an ARP request and reply

23
Four cases using ARP

24
Four cases using ARP

25
Example 21.1

A host with IP address 130.23.43.20 and physical address


B2:34:55:10:22:10 has a packet to send to another host with IP address
130.23.43.25 and physical address A4:6E:F4:59:83:AB. The two hosts are
on the same Ethernet network. Show the ARP request and reply packets
encapsulated in Ethernet frames.

Solution
Figure 21.5 shows the ARP request and reply packets. Note that the ARP
data field in this case is 28 bytes, and that the individual addresses do not fit
in the 4-byte boundary. That is why we do not show the regular 4-byte
boundaries for these addresses.

26
Proxy ARP

27
Proxy ARP

28
RARP

• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) associates a known MAC


addresses with an IP addresses
• A network device, such as a diskless workstation, might know its MAC
address but not its IP address. RARP allows the device to make a request to
learn its IP address
• Devices using RARP require that a RARP server be present on the network
to answer RARP requests

29
BOOTP
• The bootstrap protocol (BOOTP) operates in a client-server environment
• BOOTP packets can include the IP address, as well as the address of a router, the
address of a server, and vendor-specific information
• One problem with BOOTP is that it was not designed to provide dynamic address
assignment.
• With BOOTP, a network administrator manually creates a configuration file for every
host on the network that contains a BOOTP profile along with an IP address
assignment in it

30

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