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Project: Secondary Storage Devices

The document discusses various secondary storage devices including hard disk drives, flash memory, punched tape, and compact discs. It provides details on their introduction, uses, advantages, and performance characteristics. Hard disk drives have been the dominant secondary storage device since the 1960s due to advances in areal density keeping pace with storage needs. Flash memory offers faster access times and better shock resistance than hard disks. Punched tape provided durable data storage for decades and could be manually edited. Compact discs expanded from solely audio storage to also support data, video, photo, and rewritable formats.

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317 views10 pages

Project: Secondary Storage Devices

The document discusses various secondary storage devices including hard disk drives, flash memory, punched tape, and compact discs. It provides details on their introduction, uses, advantages, and performance characteristics. Hard disk drives have been the dominant secondary storage device since the 1960s due to advances in areal density keeping pace with storage needs. Flash memory offers faster access times and better shock resistance than hard disks. Punched tape provided durable data storage for decades and could be manually edited. Compact discs expanded from solely audio storage to also support data, video, photo, and rewritable formats.

Uploaded by

prasooon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROJECT

ON

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

ABHINAY SINGH
XI-D
INTRODUCTION

Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage),


differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU.
The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary
storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary
storage.

Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered
down—it is non-volatile. Per unit, it is typically also two orders of
magnitude less expensive than primary storage. Consequently, modern
computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary
storage than primary storage and data is kept for a longer time there.
HARD DISK DRIVE

A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile, random access device for digital data. It
features rotating rigid platters on a motor-driven spindle within a protective
enclosure. Data is magnetically read from and written to the platter by
read/write heads that float on a film of air above the platters.

Introduced by IBM in 1956, hard disk drives have fallen in cost and physical size
over the years while dramatically increasing in capacity. Hard disk drives have
been the dominant device for secondary storage of data in
general purpose computers since the early 1960s.

They have maintained this position because


advances in their areal recording density have kept
pace with the requirements for secondary storage.
Performance characteristics

Power management

Most hard disk drives today support some form of power management which
uses a number of specific power modes that save energy by reducing
performance. When implemented an HDD will change between a full power
mode to one or more power saving modes as a function of drive usage.
Recovery from the deepest mode, typically called Sleep, may take as long as
several seconds.

Shock resistance        


 
Shock resistance is especially important for mobile devices. Some laptops
now include active hard drive protection that parks the disk heads if the
machine is dropped, hopefully before impact, to offer the greatest possible
chance of survival in such an event. Maximum shock tolerance to date is 350
g for operating and 1000 g for non-operating.
Flash memory

Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically


erased and reprogrammed. It is primarily used in memory cards,
USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state drives for general storage and
transfer of data between computers and other digital products.

It is a specific type of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only


memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the
entire chip had to be erased at once. Flash memory costs far less than byte-
programmable EEPROM and therefore has become the dominant technology
wherever a significant amount of non-volatile, solid state storage is needed.

Flash memory is non-volatile, meaning no power is needed to maintain the


information stored in the chip.
Flash memory offers fast read access times (although not as fast as volatile
DRAM memory used for main memory in PCs) and better kinetic shock
resistance than hard disks.

Another feature of flash memory is that when packaged in a "memory card," it is


extremely durable, being able to withstand intense pressure, extremes of
temperature, and even immersion in water.
Punched tape

Punched tape or paper tape is a largely obsolete form of data storage, consisting of
a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data. It was widely used
during much of the twentieth century for teleprinter communication, and later as a
storage medium for minicomputers and CNC machine tools.

Applications

Communication

Paper tape relay operation at FAA's Honolulu flight service station in 1964
Punched tape was used as a way of storing messages for teletypewriters. Operators
typed in the message to the paper tape, and then sent the message at the maximum
line speed from the tape.

Cash registers
National Cash Register or NCR (Dayton Ohio) made cash registers around 1970 that
would punch paper tape. The tape could then be read into a computer and not only
could sales information be summarized, billings could be done on charge transactions.
Advantages

Punched tape does have some useful properties:

Longevity. Although many magnetic tapes have deteriorated over time to the
point that the data on them has been irretrievably lost, punched tape can be read
many decades later, if acid-free paper or Mylar film is used. Some paper can
degrade rapidly.

Human accessibility. The hole patterns can be decoded visually if necessary,


and torn tape can be repaired (using special all-hole pattern tape splices). Editing
text on a punched tape was achieved by literally cutting and pasting the tape with
scissors, glue, or by taping over a section to cover all holes and making new
holes using a manual hole punch.
Compact Disc

A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data. It
was originally developed to store and playback sound recordings exclusively, but later
expanded to encompass data storage (CD-ROM), write-once audio and data storage
(CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Discs (VCD), Super Video Compact
Discs (SVCD), PhotoCD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced CD. Audio CDs and audio CD
players have been commercially available since October 1982.

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