Internet of Things - An Introduction

Module 2
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1949 – Bar Code: The beginning of the IoT starts when Norman Joseph
Woodland invented the bar code. He obtained his idea when he drew
four lines in the sand at a beach of Miami. Later he received the patent
for the linear bar code.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1950 – Head Mounted Display: Morton Heilig developed “Sensorama”

the first head mounted display that gave the user experience of riding a
motorcycle in Brooklyn.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1955 – Invention of Wearables: Edward O. Thorp developed the first

wearable shoe, used for predicting roulette wheels.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1967 – Over 10 years later, Hubert Upton invents an analog wearable

computer with eyeglass – mounted display to aid in lip reading.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1969 – 2 years later, the US Dept. of Defense sent the first message
over the ARPANET, the predecessor of the internet.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends
1973 – Mario Cardullo receives the first patent for a passive, read –
write RFID tag which revolutionizes retailing.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1974 – After the RFID developed, the Universal Product Code (UPC)
label is used to process purchases at a super market for the first time.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1980 – in the 80’s, members of the Carnegie – Mellon computer

science department installed micro-switches in coke vending machine
to monitor the number of bottles.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1990 – In the next decade, MIT’s Thad Starner starts using a customized
computer and heads – up display as a wearable. Coincidentally, Thad is
now the technical lead for the Google Glass project.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1994 – “Forget – Me – Not” is invented by Xerox EuroPARC – a

wearable device that uses wireless transmitters to communicate
between people and devices while storing the information in a
database. This same year Steve Mann developed the first wearable
camera.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends
1995 – Siemens developed the “M1” the first machine to machine
(M2M) communication application over a wireless connection used for
point of sale terminals, remote monitoring and tracking.
In the same year, Nicholas Negroponte and Neil Gershenfeld from MIT
published an article in Wired called “Wearable Computing”.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

1999 - Kevin Ashton , co-founder of the Auto-ID (for Automatic

Identification) Center at MIT coined the term “Internet of things “. His
definition of IoT was based on reinventing RFID as a networking technology
by linking objects to the internet using the RFID tag.
 Later, Device to Device (D2D) communication as a concept was coined by
Bill Joy as part of his “Six Webs” framework at the World Economic Forum.

2000: LG Internet Digital DIOS, the first Internet-connected refrigerator in

the world was invented. The refrigerator used a LAN port for IP connectivity.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

2001: David Brock, co-director at the Auto-ID Center, MIT,  proposed a

new object identification scheme, the Electronic Product Code (EPC),
instead of the conventional Universal Product Code (UPC or ‘bar code’)
for unique identification and tracking of objects throughout the product
life cycle using the infrastructure/internet.”
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

2003: Bernard Traversat published project JXTA – C: Enabling a “Web of

Things” suggesting an open source set of protocols for peer to peer
computing. A theory that would allow multiple objects to communicate
between each other.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends
2004 – Quickly, articles began appearing across major publications
referring to the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) such as
configuring home lights and switches, home healthcare and shipping
monitoring.
2005 – Faculty members of Interaction Design Institute IVREA in Italy,
designed the “Ardunio”, an inexpensive and user friendly
microcontroller to help in the interaction of two objects.
 Evolution of IoT and the trends

2008 – 2009 – Three years later, CISCO internet Business Solutions Group
claimed “ Internet of Things” was born because there were more objects
connected to the internet than people.

2014 – IoT evolves rapidly and most of the companies are adapting to the
new technology.

Beyond 2018 - Connected home, connected cars, IoT enabled

manufacturing plants, and IoT based solar trackers are available. As per the
market experts, there would be about 50 billion connected devices by 2020.
 Rapid Adoption of IoT
 Advancement in Connectivity and network capabilities.
 Improvement in cloud computing.
 Invention of Data analytical tools and rapid improvement in data
handling capabilities.
 Availability of low-cost devices, plus reduced computing and memory
costs.
 Rapid Adoption of IoT
Advancement in the networking capabilities – There are numerous wireless
technologies available in the market such as Wi-Fi to Bluetooth, from ZigBee to
Z-Wave, from DECT  to Thread that enable communication among devices.
• In addition to these, AllSeen, DLNA, and UPnP , the peer-to-peer
communication technologies are enabling direct device connectivity without
the need for an access point.
Improvement in cloud computing - The rapid improvement in the cloud
capabilities has been a significant factor in making IoT so accessible and
widespread. That’s because the cloud provides a low-cost, and an always-on
place for storing and processing data/ information.
• This in turn has made it easier for many industries to embrace IoT faster.
Today, IoT and cloud are inextricably linked and are implemented to simplify
complex business problems.
 Rapid Adoption of IoT
Reduced costs – The availability of low cost sensors along with gradual
decrease in the cost of connected devices has helped businesses- both mid-
size and small scale ones –  to look at IoT as a viable technique.

Advancements in data handling and analysis – Over the past decade, data
handling as well data analytical capacity has improved by manifolds. Data
collection and analysis being the USP of an IoT based system, advancements
in data analytics has definitely opened up newer IoT use cases.
 Numerous data analytics techniques such as Spatial Analytics, Time Series
Analytics, Streaming Analytics are being used to analyze the data which
vary both in formats and structure
 Conclusion

 Over the time the RFID based IoT model failed to gain enough
attention due to limited connectivity option, high cost of devices and
infrastructure. Plus, the RFID based system was not deemed fit for
large scale production set up such as the industrial automation.

 But IoT continued to evolve due to advancements in IP based

network connectivity and various other technical innovations that
made M2M connection possible over broader range.
 Impact of IoT on businesses and society

IoT offers endless possibilities for the business world to ensure that
companies can grow and alter the roots they grew on.
The business has a huge impact on the latest inventions that are added up
with IoT. 
The best thing is that it doesn’t change the methods of business operations
but just made it much more efficient with the implementation of automation.
It has altered the way data is exchanged and collected to operate business
processes.
There are a number of reasons through which the IoT is altering the business
world such as:
 Inventory Management & Tracking
There are several businesses that depend upon warehousing and storage that require
real-time tracking and management of inventory. 
However, it is not easy to monitor everything and require a lot of manual work to ensure
that no operation face time delay. 
This keeps the personnel busy with manual work that can be difficult to operate other
operations.
This is completely changed with the introduction of IoT in the business world.
It has the ability to keep track of inventory for the business owners
The automatically controlled options have a huge benefit for inventory control and
manage them efficiently.
It allows personnel to put their efforts into more productive tasks and cognitively
demanding operations.
 Increased Effectiveness & Productivity
The market and customer information gathered from clients and customers has a huge
influence on productivity.
The information can help business owners in so many ways with the increase in efficiency.
IoT allows devices to work up with efficiency while the connection with each other for
best results. It also helps in working up efficiently in minimal time.
The appliances and software based on IoT help in working in error-free and fashion
manner for the accomplishment of operations and tasks.
This promotes enhancing the profit of business along with its efficiency. In addition to
this, it keeps up in a well-maintained manner to work up with the quality of equipment. 
This can be done in a regular fashion to ensure that productivity and efficiency have a
huge impact on business processes.
 Skilled Workers
The fact is that IoT works up with basic knowledge about software and devices.
In addition to this, the working mode of devices with the internet is a major
part of the IoT business requirement.
Hence, it is essential to make sure that workers have skills that are required to
work around devices and the internet. 
The workers must be efficient enough to handle the technology without any
hitches to ensure that processes are smoothly run.
The best is to hire someone who is more inclined towards modern technology.
This helps in future endeavors to enhance the value of the business.
 Perception and Data Sharing
The data collection and exchange are a vital part of business operations.
This helps in the growth and function of business while handling the data in a much better way.
In addition to this, one can easily access consumer data, record patterns, and IoT devices track
that allows the device interaction with the consumer. 
This results in smarter devices to enhance user experience and work with growth and
improvement of interpretation of data for business.
The data is analyzed to work up with the business process and get an insight on what
customers actually want.
Along with this, the consumer requirement, buyer cycle, marketing, and advertising cycle, and
innovation and improved invention can work well with the business.
The data can be interpreted, shared, and collected to work with IoT technology to enhance the
productivity and efficiency of the business.
 Remote Work

The topmost benefit of IoT technology is that it allows remote

working and can help in managing work handle with the physical
level. 
In addition to this, the physical inventory can be dealt with in
business with the IoT to maximize productivity.
The employees can easily work in a remote location while connecting
with others.
This promotes a productive workflow and happier environment to
enhance the functions of a business significantly.
 How IoT helps Businesses?
Cost reduction: The cost cut can help a company in a lot of ways. There are
several ways including describing services to ensure that IoT technology can
reduce costs. 
Security: The IoT technology system helps in boosting productivity while
keeping security in mind. The client workplace works well to fix the time and
alert the associates to ensure that the movement is done in a secure mode.
Enhanced productivity: The productivity can work well with the reduction of
the cost allowing companies to embrace IoT. The job functions can be
automated with IoT that helps in enhancing productivity and helps in solving
out critical tasks.
 Impact of the IoT on Society
It is clear that IoT has brought many benefits to us all, and has
become an indispensable tool used by millions of people on a daily
basis.
• Outsourcing
• Telecommunications
• Virtually free access to information
• Smart power grid
• e-Learning
• Building automation
• Healthcare
 Impact of the IoT on Society
Factory automation: As connected machines are becoming smarter and
smarter, there may soon be no manufacturing or agricultural process left that
requires a human hand. The result will be millions of people out of work.
Driverless vehicles: his rapidly developing technology promises a long list of
benefits, including lower costs and increased safety and security. But what is
inherent in the term “driverless” makes the result clear: for every driverless
truck, taxi, tram, or train there is one human being who is no longer
required.
Loss of privacy: Hand-in-hand with the IoT is the growing trend of storing
data in the “cloud.” Everything from our family photos to personal financial
information exists “somewhere” on remote servers. 
 IoT Use Cases

 Although the Internet of Things (IoT) is not a new concept, it has in

recent years driven many IT trends in the enterprise.
 There are numerous IoT applications that can be leveraged by
businesses.
 The market value of this solution is projected to reach $457 billion in
2020.
 Although there are some IoT device security concerns, IoT is being
embraced by companies across several industries.
 IoT Use Cases: Healthcare

In the healthcare sector, the possibilities with IoT are endless.
The use of IoT-enabled medical devices has already taken the industry by
storm.
Although there are some security risks with these devices, the benefits
outweigh them.
IoT is also a major component behind the rise of telemedicine (or telehealth),
in which medical professionals can stay in contact and monitor long distance
patients.
In addition, hospitals are leveraging this technology to track patients and staff,
and the technology is being used to reduce wait times in the emergency
room.
 IoT Use Cases: Restaurants

Just as IoT has practical applications in a home kitchen, there also

uses that can be leveraged in a commercial kitchen and on the front
end of restaurants.
The restaurant industry is using IoT to streamline communication,
lower costs, and improve worker safety.
Display systems can replace receipt printers, which eliminates some
lag time.
Smart refrigerators monitor when foods spoil, and smart ovens can
determine when parts need to be replaced before they break.
 IoT Use Cases: Education

Educational institutions stand to benefit from numerous IoT applications.

Schools are harnessing IoT to enhance more interactive web-based
learning capabilities so that students can go beyond just what’s in the
textbook.
Educators are using this technology to store vital records, such as grades
and attendance, which reduces the time it takes to find that data.
More importantly, it is being used for additional school security, with IoT-
enabled communication systems that warn students about potential
emergencies.
 IoT Use Cases: Financial Services

Despite regulatory compliances in the sector, the financial services

industry appears to be embracing IoT.
A 2018 report from Markets and Markets.com predicted that IoT in
financial services will be valued at over $2 billion by 2023, and there
are current use cases that are making its away around the industry.
Insurance companies are using telematics to foresee and calculate
potential hazards that might lead to a claim from a customer.
Banks are experimenting with IoT-enabled security systems, including
in ATMs, to prevent theft.
The technology can also be leveraged to gather additional data about
customers, providing more personalized offers.
 IoT Use Cases: Energy

Although it is well-documented that machine-to-machine

communication can lower household energy costs, it can also redefine
the entire energy sector.
Instead of relying on legacy equipment, energy companies are
leveraging smart grids that can improve security, capture
data/analytics, and allow for quicker restoration after power failures.
Additionally, a smart grid could lower our carbon footprint by
managing energy consumption, and it could diminish the use of
carbon emissions.
 IoT Use Cases: Retail

IoT is transforming the way the retail market operates.

 In the front of the store, there are new automated checkout capabilities for
customers.
This solution decreases the time that workers would have spent as a cashier,
and instead allows them to focus on business needs and opportunities.
There are also IoT applications in the back half of the store.
Smart shelves track products to see which items the store is running low on,
and determines if an item has been misplaced.
The technology also improves security by reducing potential theft. Thanks to
IoT, workers in retail are more productive and stores are reducing some
labor costs.
 IoT Use Cases: Manufacturing

IoT Applications In Out of all of the industries that are embracing IoT
applications, manufacturing might potentially serve as one of the best
examples.
Manufacturers are currently using IoT to monitor production flow during the
entire process.
With this solution, manufacturers have been able to track all of the events
across a supply chain.
Inventory is being traced down to each individual component, and that data
collected from IoT devices allows manufacturers to gage the quality of each
item.
The technology can also help with aspects such as packaging and improving
worker safety.