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FIR System Realization

FIR systems are non-recursive systems whose impulse response consists of a finite number of samples. The output of an FIR system at any time depends only on the present and past input values, not past outputs. There are several ways to realize the system function of an FIR system, including the direct form structure, transposed form structure, cascade form structure, and lattice structure. The direct form structure directly implements the difference equation and consists of a tapped delay line with multipliers and adders.

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107 views17 pages

FIR System Realization

FIR systems are non-recursive systems whose impulse response consists of a finite number of samples. The output of an FIR system at any time depends only on the present and past input values, not past outputs. There are several ways to realize the system function of an FIR system, including the direct form structure, transposed form structure, cascade form structure, and lattice structure. The direct form structure directly implements the difference equation and consists of a tapped delay line with multipliers and adders.

Uploaded by

Jagdeep Rahul
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FIR System Realization

• FIR (Finite duration impulse response) systems are the systems whose impulse
response consists of finite number of samples.
• They are designed by using only a finite number of samples of the infinite duration
impulse response.
• The convolute on formula for FIR system is given by

• A system whose output depends only on the present and past inputs and not on
past outputs is called a non-recursive system. Hence, for non-recursive systems,
the output y(n) is given by
Transfer function of FIR system
• In general, an FIR system is described by the difference equation

i.e. in general, in Finite Impulse Response (FIR) systems, the output at


any instant depends only on the present and the past inputs. It does
not depend on the past outputs.
Taking Z-transform on both sides of equation for y(n), we get
Direct Form Structure
• Since there are no denominator components or poles in an FIR
system, the direct form has only one structure which is called direct
form. It realizes directly either the difference equation or the system
function.
• The direct form structure can be obtained from the general equation
for Y(z) governing the FIR system.
• The direct form structure using the above equation for Y(z) can be
drawn as shown in figure.
• The direct form realization of figure is often called a transversal or
tapped-delay- line filter because the output is just tapping the delayed
inputs.
• This structure is also called a canonical structure because the number
of delay elements used and the order of the filter is the same.
Transposed Form Structure
• The transposed form structure realization has already been discussed earlier
with respect to IIR systems. The same holds good for FIR systems also.
• Procedure to realize transposed form structure of FIR system
1. First realize the given difference equation or transfer function by using the
direct form structure.
2. Reverse or transpose the direction of signal flow and interchange the input
and output nodes.
3. Replace the junction points by adders and adders by junction points.
4. Fold the structure, which is the transposed form realization of an FIR
system.
• The transposed structure realization of an FIR system has no
advantages compared to the direct form structure.
• Whatever be the number of additions, multiplications and storage
components needed for the direct form structure, the same number
of elements are needed for the transposed structure too.
Example

Solution
Taking Z-transform on both sides, we have

Y(z) = 2X(z) + 4z1X(z)  3z2 X(z)


Cascade Form Structure
• The cascade form structure is nothing, but a cascade connection or a
series connection of direct form structures.
• Hence, in cascade structure, the given transfer function H(z) is broken
into the product of many sub-transfer functions H1(z), H2(z), ..., HN(z)
and each of these sub-transfer functions is realized separately in
direct form structure and all these are connected in series or cascade.
Lattice Structure
• The lattice structure consists of two different paths through which the
input x(n) is processed. Hence, the lattice structure has two different
output set-ups: y(n) and y’(n).
• y(n) is the real output and y’(n) is the supporting output, which offers
support for obtaining the output for the next stage.
• A single stage lattice structure is shown in Figure , wherein K is called
the reflection coefficient.
Procedure to realize the lattice structure of
FIR system
• If the coefficient of the present input x(n) is not unity, convert it to
unity by taking common of the coefficient of the present input.
• Find the order of the difference equation and compare the
coefficients of the given difference equation with the coefficients of
the same order lattice structure output involving the reflection
coefficients K1, K2, K3, ...
• Assign the calculated values of K1, K2, K3, ... and construct the
structure.

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