Chapter 2

Database Model and Database

Types (12M)
Database Models
Types of Database Models
Database Models
A collection of conceptual tools for describing
data , data relationship, data semantics and
constraint.

Types of Database Models

 HierarchicalModel
 Network Model
 Object Oriented Model
1) Hierarchical Model

It was the first DBMS model and

developed by IBM in 1960’s and used in
Mainframe Database Management
System.

In a Hierarchical Database Model, the

data is organized into a tree-like
structure with a single root, to which all
the other data is linked( top down or
bottom up approach).
Fig : Hierarchical Model
Fig : Hierarchical Model

Root

One to Many
Relationship

Leaf
• The hierarchy starts from the root data,
and expands like a tree, adding child nodes
to the parent nodes.

• Data storage in form of data tree i.e Parent

Child relations.

• Its main use is in File Organization within

Computer Directory Structures.
Advantages
• The model allows us easy addition and deletion of
new information.
• Data at the top of the Hierarchy is very fast to access.
• It worked well with linear data storage mediums such
as tapes.
• It relates well to anything that works through a one to
many relationships.

Disadvantages
• Redundancy and inconsistency of data
• This model support only one to many relationships,
many to many relationships are not supported.
Applications:

Information Management System(IMS)

RDM Mobile
Geographic Information
File System
2) Network Model

• Network Model developed by the Conference

on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) in
1969.

• This is an extension of the Hierarchical model.

• Network Model is based on tree like structure

with many root.

• In this model data is organized more like a

graph, and are allowed to have more than one
parent node.
• This database model was used to map
one-to-many and many-to-many
data relationships.

• accessing the data is also easier and fast.

• Data storage is in the form of ‘ Arbitrary

Graph’.

• Use Linker and Pointer.

Hierarchical Model Network Model
Fig : Network Model
Fig: Network Model
Advantages
• The network model is conceptually simple and easy to design.
• The network model can represent redundancy in data more
effectively than in the hierarchical model.
• The network model can handle the one to many and many to
many relationships.
• The data access is easier and flexible than the hierarchical model.
• The network model is better than the hierarchical model in
isolating the programs from the complex physical storage details.

Disadvantages
• All the records are maintained using pointers and hence the
whole database structure becomes very complex.
• The insertion, deletion and updating operations of any
record require the large number of pointers adjustments.
• The structural changes to the database is very difficult.
Applications:

 Police National Computer(PNC)

 Driver License
3) Object Oriented Database Model

• This model represents database in terms of

objects their attributes and behavior.

• The data is stored in the form of objects, which

are structures called Classes that display the
data within.

• This model used in file management system.

• This model handle more complex applications

such as database for scientific experiments,
geographic information system, engineering
design and manufacturing.
Advantages
• Object database can handle different types of data while
relational data base handles a single data.
• Object-oriented databases provide us code reusability, real
world modeling, and improved reliability and flexibility.
• The object-oriented database is having low maintenance
costs as compared to other model.

Disadvantages
• There is no universally defined data model for
an OODBMS, and most models lack a theoretical
foundation.
• In comparison to RDBMSs the use of OODBMS is still
relatively limited.
• There is a Lack of support for security in OODBMSs
• The system more complex than that of traditional DBMSs.
Applications:

 Banking System
 Hospital Management
 Railway Reservation
 Airline Reservation
 Sale
 Telecommunication
Fig : Object Oriented Model
Fig : Object Oriented Model
Fig : Object Oriented Model
Relational Database Model
 Relational model first developed by Dr.
E.F.Codd in 1970’s, hence he is known as father of
relational database.
 The data in RDBMS is stored in table.
 Table is collection of Rows and Columns
 Rows – Records / Tuples

Columns – Fields / Attributes

 Provide more security
 Used in large organization
 Store & retrieve data is fast & easy.
 RDBMS = DBMS + Referential Integrity
Constraints
Advantages
• Structural independence
• Improved conceptual simplicity
• Easier database design, implementation, management,
and use.
• Ad hoc query capability (SQL)
• Powerful database management system

Disadvantages
• Substantial hardware and system software overhead
• Possibility of poor design and implementation
Applications:

 Banking System
 Hospital Management
 Railway Reservation
 Airline Reservation
 Sale
 Telecommunication
 Comparison between
Hierarchical Model and
Network Model
Comparison between Hierarchical Model and Network
Model

Hierarchical Model Network Model

Hierarchical Model developed by IBM in Network Model developed by Conference
1960’s. on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL)
in 1969.

Hierarchical database model is based on tree Network Model is based on tree like
like structure with a single tree. structure with many root.

Support One to Many relationships. Support One to Many and Many to Many
relationship.
Less Popular More popular

Data storage is in the form of data tree i.e Data storage is in the form of Arbitrary
Parent Child relationship. Graph
Uses Pointer to relate data Uses Links to relate data.
 Hierarchical Model Network Model
The insertion, deletion and updating The insertion, deletion and updating
operations of any records are easy. operations of any records are difficult.
Applications: Applications:
• Information Management System(IMS) • Police National Computer(PNC)
• RDM Mobile • Driver License
• Geographic Information
• File System
 Comparison between
Network Model and Relational
Model
Comparison between Network Model and
Relational Model
Network Model Relational Model
Network Model developed by the Relational model first developed by Dr.
Conference on Data Systems Languages E.F.Codd in 1970’s.
(CODASYL) in 1969.

Network Model is based on tree like This is table based model i.e collection of
structure with many root. rows and columns.

Supports One to Many and Many to Many Support all relationships.

relationships.

Data storage is in the form of ‘Arbitrary Data storage is in the form of Tables.
Graph’.

Uses links to relate data. Does not use pointers or links to relate data.

Less Popular as compare to relational More popular

model.
 Network Model Relational Model
The insertion, deletion and updating The insertion, deletion and updating
operations of any records are difficult. operations of any record are easy..
Applications: Applications:
• Police National Computer(PNC) • Banking System
• Driver License • Hospital Management
• Railway Reservation
 Comparison between
Hierarchical Model,
Network Model and
Relational Model
 Comparison between Hierarchical Model and Network
Model
Hierarchical Model Network Model Relational Model
Hierarchical Model Network Model developed by Relational model first
developed by IBM in Conference on Data Systems developed by Dr. E.F.Codd
1960’s. Languages (CODASYL) in in 1970’s.
1969.

Hierarchical database Network Model is based on This is table based model i.e
model is based on tree like tree like structure with many collection of rows and
structure with a single tree. root. columns.

Support One to Many Support One to Many and Support all relationships.
relationships. Many to Many relationship.
Less Popular More popular More popular

Data storage is in the form Data storage is in the form of Data storage is in the form of
of data tree i.e Parent Child Arbitrary Graph Tables.
relationship.
Uses Pointer to relate data Uses Links to relate data. Does not use pointers or links
to relate data.
Hierarchical Model Network Model Relational Model
The insertion, deletion and The insertion, deletion and The insertion, deletion and
updating operations of any updating operations of any updating operations of any
records are easy. records are difficult. record are easy..
Applications: Applications: Applications:
• Information • Police National • Banking System
Management Computer(PNC) • Hospital Management
System(IMS) • Driver License • Railway Reservation
• RDM Mobile
• Geographic Information
• File System
Relation
A table in a relational database, also
known as a relation, is a two dimensional
structure used to hold related information.
A database consists of one or more related
tables.
 Relations are a logical structure which is
collection of table consisting rows and
columns.
Example of Employee table

ID Name Age Salary

1 Adam 34 13000

2 Alex 28 15000

3 Smith 20 18000

4 John 42 19020

Fig : Employee Table

Tuples / What is a Record?

A Record in a table represents set of

related data.
 A single entry in a table is called a
Record or Row.
 Records also kwon as Rows and Tuples.
Following is an example of single record.

1 Adam 34 13000

Rows/Records/Tuples
Attributes / What is Field?
In Relational table, a column is a set of value
of a particular type.
Fields also kwon as Columns and Attributes.
 The above Employee table consists of four
fields, ID, Name, Age and Salary.
For example, in Employee table, Name is a
column that represents names of employee.
Name

Adam

Alex

Smith

John

Column/ Fields/Attributes
Domain
A domain is defined as the set of all
unique values permitted for an attribute.
 In a relational table a domain can have a
Single value or no (Null) value.
Advantages of RDBMS
 RDBMS is object based database system
 Information store inform of table
 It support multiple user
 Excellent data Security
 Relational Algebra
 Dynamic View
 SQL
Example
College Management System
 Principal
 Staff
 Student
 Library
 Class
 LABs
 Principal
Principal Name Qualification Mobile.no Email_Id

Staff
Staff Name Department Qualification Mobile.no Email_Id
 Student
Name Roll_ No Enrollment _No Mobile No. Address

Library

Location HOD No. Of Books

Types of Database System
Depending upon the usage, requirements there are
following types of databases available in the
market.
 Centralized Database
 Parallel Database
 Client Server Database
 Distributed Database System
 Operational Database
 Cloud Database
 Object Oriented Database etc
Centralized Database

A Centralized Database is basically a type of

database that is stored, located as well as
maintained at a single location only.
This type of database is modified and managed
from that location itself.
 An application running on single computer and
perform all the required tasks.
 The application running on such a desktop
computer is known as 1- tier application.
Fig : Centralized Database System
Examples
Central Documents Management System
User Management System
Banking Systems
Airline Reservation Systems
Advantages
 more secure
 very less data redundancy and inconsistency
 data integrity
 data is easily portable because it is stored at the same
place.
 less costly
Client Server Database System
Client/server architecture is also known as a
networking computing model.
The Client-Server architecture is a centralized
resource system where server holds all the
resources.
 In this architecture many clients are connected to
server.
Client-server architecture is an architecture of a
computer network in which many clients (remote
processors) request and receive service from a
centralized server (host computer).
Fig : Client Server Architecture
Advantages
Centralized Management
No Data Redundancy and Inconsistency
 Increased data integrity
 No atomicity problem
 Scalability
 Flexibility
 Searching of data is easy
 Increase the performance
Disadvantages
Cost of server
Maintenance of server
If main server failed the entire network is
stopped.
Traffic problem
Application
Banking Systems
Hospital Management System
Airline Reservation Systems
Railway Reservation Systems
Distributed Database System
A Distributed System, also known as Distributed
computing, is a system with multiple components
located on different machines that communicate
and coordinate actions in order to appear as a
single coherent system to the end-user.
There are two general ways that Distributed
Systems function:
Each machine works toward a common goal
and the end-user views results as one cohesive
unit.
Each machine has its own end-user and the
distributed system facilitates sharing resources
or communication services.
Why Distribution?
• Sharing of information and services
• Possibility to add components improves
• Availability
• Reliability
• Fault tolerance performance
• Scalability
Advantages
• Information Sharing among Distributed Users
• Resource Sharing
• Extensibility and Incremental growth
• Shorter Response Time and Higher Output
Higher Reliability
• Better Flexibility’s in meeting User’s needs
Better price/performance ratio
• Scalability
• Transparency
Disadvantages
• Difficulties of developing distributed
software
• Networking Problem
• Security Problems
• Performance
• Reliability and Fault Tolerance
Examples
Telephone Networks and Cellular Networks
Computer Networks Such as internet or
intranet
ATM(bank) Machines
 Distributed database and distributed
database management system
 Network of Workstations
Mobile Computing etc.
Parallel Database System
 Parallel database system improves performance of
data processing using multiple resources in
parallel, like multiple CPU and disks are used
parallel.
 Companies need to handle huge amount of data
with high data transfer rate.
 The Client Server and Centralized System is not
much powerful for managing such applications.
 Parallel database try to improve performance of
database through parallelization of operations such
Data loading , Query evaluation etc.
Advantages
Improve performance
Improve availability of data
Improve reliability
Provide distributed access of data
Disadvantages

 bandwidth problem
 limited Scalability
Winter-18
1) Define the term Data Model.(2M)

2) Describe object oriented data models.(4M)

3) Explain advantages of centralized and distributed

databases.(4M)

4) Compare Hierarchical Database Model with

Network Model.(4M)

5) Explain client/server database system.(4M)

Summer-19
1) Define Domain and Attribute.(2M)

2) Define database model.(2M)

3) Distinguish between network database model and

relational database model.(4M)

4) Explain client/server database system.(4M)

5) Describe centralized database system with

example.(4M)
Winter-19
1) Define the term tuple and domain.(2M)

2) Describe client server system with example. (4M)

3) Differentiate between Hierarchical Database model
and network database model.(4M)

4) Explain merits and demerits of Object Oriented

Database model.(4M)

5) Explain distributed database system with example.

(4M)
Thanking You.