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Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers

This document discusses differential amplifiers. It begins by showing the basic circuit configuration of a differential amplifier with differential and single-ended outputs. It then covers dc and ac analyses, including discussions of input offset voltage, common-mode gain, and common-mode rejection ratio. The document also examines error sources like base current and input offset voltage. Finally, it discusses current mirrors, active loading, and loaded differential amplifier configurations.

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138 views20 pages

Chapter 17 Differential Amplifiers

This document discusses differential amplifiers. It begins by showing the basic circuit configuration of a differential amplifier with differential and single-ended outputs. It then covers dc and ac analyses, including discussions of input offset voltage, common-mode gain, and common-mode rejection ratio. The document also examines error sources like base current and input offset voltage. Finally, it discusses current mirrors, active loading, and loaded differential amplifier configurations.

Uploaded by

Angelica
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MALVINO

Electronic
PRINCIPLES
SIXTH EDITION
Differential
Amplifiers

Chapter 17
A differential amplifier
+VCC

RC vv112 =
> vv221 RC
vout = 0 vout = vc2 - vc1
vc1 vout vc2

v1 v2

RE

-VEE
A differential amplifier with single-ended output
+VCC
Block symbol
v1
A vout RC
v2
vout
vout = A(v1 - v2)

v1 v2

RE
(A is one-half the
differential output value)
-VEE
Single-ended output and single-ended input.
+VCC

v1
A vout RC
vout = Av1 vout

v1

RE

-VEE
Inverting configuration
+VCC

vout
A RC

v2 vout
vout = -Av2

v2

RE

-VEE
dc analysis
+VCC
IT, the tail current,
flows in RE
RC RC
VEE - VBE
IT =
RE
IT
IE =
2

RE
VC = VCC - IERC
-VEE
ac analysis
+VCC
RC
A=
2re’
Differential RC RC
A=
output case: re’
vout
zin = 2re’

v1

RE

-VEE
The input transistors are not exactly the same.

IB1 IB2

IB1 IB2
Iin(bias) = IB1
2
Iin(off) = IB1 IB2 IB2

Iin(off) Iin(off)
IB1 = Iin(bias) + IB2 = Iin(bias) -
2 2
Base current can produce a false signal.
+VCC

RC RC

Verror

Vin = IB1RB RB

RE

-VEE
Vin and Verror are minimized with equal base resistors.
+VCC
Iin(off) < Iin(bias)

Vin = Iin(off) RB RC RC

Verror

RB RB

RE

-VEE
Input offset voltage
• The RC values may be different.
• VBE for each transistor may be different.
• Other parameters may differ slightly on each
side of the diff amp.
• The input offset voltage would produce the same
error in an ideal amplifier.
• Vin(off) = Verror/A
• Both bases are grounded when Verror is measured.
Combined dc error
• V1err = (RB1 - RB2)Iin(bias)
• V2err = (RB1 + RB2)Iin(off)/2
• V3err = Vin(off)
• Verror = A(V1err + V2err +V3err)
• V1err eliminated with equal base resistors
• V2err reduced with smaller base resistors
• V3err reduced with premium op amps
Common-mode gain
+VCC

RC
ACM =
2RE RC
vout

Vin(CM) Vin(CM)

RE

-VEE
Common-mode rejection ratio
• CMRR = A/ACM
• CMRRdB = 20log CMRR
• The higher the CMRR, the better
• A typical op amp has CMRRdb = 90 dB
• Much interference is common-mode and
a high CMRR means an amplifier will be
effective in rejecting interference
The current mirror
+VCC

VCC - VBE
IR =
R
R
IC = IR

Compensating diode
In ICs, a current mirror sources the tail current
+VCC

RC

R vout

V2
V1

VCC + VEE - VBE


IC =
R

-VEE
The impedance of a current source is very high.
+VCC

RC

R vout

V2
V1

Zcurrent source
CMRR =
re ’

-VEE
Active loading produces a very high voltage gain.
+VCC

R vout

V2
V1

-VEE
Loaded diff amps
2RC

vL Thevenin equivalent circuit


vout RL
for differential output

RC

vout RL vL Thevenin equivalent circuit


for single-ended output

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