COMP-111

PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

1
 Lecture 1 Lecture Objectives

In this lecture, you will learn about:

• The sinusoidal teaching philosophy

• The need of programming

• Introduction to Scratch programming

environment

2
 Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary

3
 Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary

4
 Lecture 1 1.1 Teaching Philosophy

• Two important tips

• Break the glass
• The missing link. But it’s never too late
• Sinusoidal teaching philosophy
• Think big
• Slide down to the basic level
• Ramp up to where we looked in the beginning

5
THIS COURSE WILL ENABLE
YOU TO …
 Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary

7
 Lecture 1 1.2 Problem solving using machines

Figure: Programming used to solve problem

8
 Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary

9
 Lecture 1 1.3 What is a Computer System

Components of a Computer System

• Hardware: physical parts of the
programmable machine
• Software: set of instructions to make
it do something. Also called a
program. The program may make
the computer act smart or dumb
• Programmer: person who writes
instructions (programs) to make
computer perform a task as solution
to a problem.

10
 Lecture 1 1.3 What is a Computer System
Hardware
• A basic computer consists of 4 basic components:

(Central Processing Unit)

Input Output
devices devices

Memory

Figure: Computer hardware components

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11 1
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Hardware#/media/File:Computer2.png
 Lecture 1 1.3 What is a Computer System
Software

Figure: The general process to solve a problem using computer

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Programming.png
 Lecture 1 1.3 What is a Computer System
Data Storage
Memory organized as follows:
Information is stored in bits or binary digits.
Bit: Smallest piece of memory with values 0 (off, false) or 1
(on, true)
Byte: 8 consecutive bits. Bytes have addresses.

The number 149 is stored in the byte (10010101) with the

address 16, and the number 72 (01001000) is stored at
address 23.
13
 Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary

14
 Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages
Introduction

A program may be written in various programming languages,

some directly understandable by computer and others requiring
intermediate translation steps.
We start with an algorithm, which is a set of well-defined steps.

Example: Step 1: Determine the first number; call it A

Algorithm for Step 2: Determine the second number; call it B
calculating the Step 3: Determine the third number; call it C
average of 3 Step 4: Find the sum of A,B and C; call it X
numbers. Step 5: Divide X by 3; call it the RESULT
Step 6: Present the RESULT

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15 1
Deitel, H.M. and Deitel, P.J (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education.
 Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

printf(“Enter number1 “);

scanf(“%d”,&Data1);
printf(“Enter number2 “);
scanf(“%d”,&Data2);
Data3=Data1*Data2;
printf(“Result is %d,C);

MOV AL, DATA1

MUL DATA2
MOV DATA3, AX

Figure: Hierarchy of programming languages1

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-btpK1XKZbWo/T9FBqYz3bjI/AAAAAAAABKA/qGt4MDRu0T8/s1600/level+of+programming+language.png

16
 Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

• Phases (2) to (4) are often performed by a single command or

button click.
• Errors detected at any step will prevent execution of following
steps.
Source Code Object Code

Preprocessor Compiler Linker

Phase 2: Phase 3: Phase 4:

Modified Executable
Source Code Code

Figure: Steps in producing an executable code

17
 Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Program Development Environment

• A programming system generally consists of following parts:

o A development environment called IDE
o The standard library

18
 Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Integrated Development Environments (IDEs)

An IDE, combines all the tools

needed to write, compile, and
debug a program into a single
software application.

Examples: Dev C++, Microsoft

Visual C++, Borland C++
Builder, CodeWarrior, etc.

Figure: Integrated Development

Environments (IDE)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19 1
http://theteacher.info/websites/gcse_comp/WebPages/A451_CompSys/217_Programming/ProgLang/f/f.html
 Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Figure: Example of IDE using Borland C++

20
 Lecture 1 1.4 Programming Languages

Scratch Programming Environment

• A drag and drop programming environment

o Developed at MIT: https://scratch.mit.edu
• Installed using an executable or online (requires internet)
• You may
o Write new programs from scratch
o Edit exising projects to tailor your needs
• Example projects

21
 Lecture 1 Contents

1.1 Teaching Philosophy

1.2 Problem Solving using Machines
1.3 What is a Computer System?
1.4 Programming Languages
1.5 Summary

22
 Lecture 1 1.5 Summary

In this lecture, you have learnt:

• About basic computer concepts, hardware and

software components for program development.

• A programmer uses programming languages to write a

program rather than coding in machine language.

• Scratch programming environment.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23
* Paul, D. and Harvey, D. (2013). C How to Program 7/E. United State of America: Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall
 Lecture 1

Self-Review

24
 Lecture 1 Self-Review

Exercise: Fill in the blanks.

a) Computers process data under the control of sequences of

instructions called computer __________.
b) __________ languages are most convenient to programmer
for writing a program quickly and easily.
c) The only language a computer can directly understand is
that computer’s _________.
d) Computer programs are normally typed using a(n)
__________ program.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25
* Paul, D. and Harvey, D. (2013).
I C How
Deitel, to Program
H.M. 7/E.
and Deitel, P.JUnited
(2013).State of America:
C How Pearson
to Program Education,
7/E. United StateInc., publishing
of America: as Prentice
Pearson Hall
Education.
 Lecture 1 Self-Review

e) The ______________ translates a(n)_______________

language program into a machine language program.
f) A(n) ______________provides access to the
programmer for editing, compiling, and so on.
g) Before linking, a machine language program is saved on
the disk as a(n) ___________ file.
h) After linking, a machine language program is saved on
disk as a(n) ___________ file.

26