Scribd
Upload
53 views23 pages

College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Mhow

1) Diagnostic techniques for repeat breeding in cattle include record analysis, visual examination of the reproductive tract, recto-genital palpation, vaginoscopy, uterine health tests, hormone assays, imaging techniques, and assessing tubal patency. 2) Transrectal palpation allows evaluation of the uterus, cervix, and ovaries while vaginoscopy examines the vagina for abnormalities. Ultrasonography non-invasively evaluates follicles, corpus luteum, ovulation, and cysts. 3) Hormone assays of progesterone can validate corpus luteum function while tubal patency tests using dyes or contrast agents assess the fallopian tubes.

Uploaded by

Akhand Pratap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
53 views23 pages

College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Mhow

1) Diagnostic techniques for repeat breeding in cattle include record analysis, visual examination of the reproductive tract, recto-genital palpation, vaginoscopy, uterine health tests, hormone assays, imaging techniques, and assessing tubal patency. 2) Transrectal palpation allows evaluation of the uterus, cervix, and ovaries while vaginoscopy examines the vagina for abnormalities. Ultrasonography non-invasively evaluates follicles, corpus luteum, ovulation, and cysts. 3) Hormone assays of progesterone can validate corpus luteum function while tubal patency tests using dyes or contrast agents assess the fallopian tubes.

Uploaded by

Akhand Pratap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

College of Veterinary Science & Animal

Husbandry Mhow

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY GYNAECOLOGY AND


OBSTETRICS

TOPIC: Diagnostic techniques for repeat


breeding in cattle and buffalo

SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY;


Dr Madhu Shivhare Akhand Pratap Singh
Assistant professor
• Definition - RB cows are defined as the cow
that has normal estrous cycle, is free from
palpable clinical abnormalities , has no
abnormal vaginal discharge and has failed to
conceive even after 3 or more consecutive
insemination.
• Repeat breeding (RB) is one of the biggest
reproductive problems in cattle
• Aetiology –
i. Nutritional Inadequacies
ii. Hormonal Dysfunction
iii. Infectious Agents
iv. Reproductive Tract Abnormalities
v. Genetic Problems and Immunoinfertility
Diagnostic methods
The diagnostic procedures are classified into the following
groups –
 1. Record analysis
 2. Visual
 3. Recto-genital palpation
 4. Vaginoscopy
 5. Tests to evaluate uterine health:
o (a) Uterine Ph
o (b) Uterine microbiology
o (c) Uterine biopsy and cytology
 6. Metabolic profiles
 7. In vivo imaging techniques
 8. Immunological tests
 9. Endoscopy
 10. Tubal patency testing
 11. Hormone assays
• Record Analysis –
Analysis of records when traced
retrospectively can provide the number of
actual inseminations and previous
periparturient disease that have resulted in
suboptimal fertility.
VISUAL
• Improper oestrus detection
or insemination asynchrony
• colour, consistency and
clarity of the cervico-vaginal
mucus, vulvar oedema and
vaginal congestion.
• A vaginoscopic examination
to exclude the possibility of
any vaginal growths, scars or
adhesions that may impair
fertility.
• 1) Focus on proper estrus detection

• 2) Color, consistency and clarity of cervico-vaginal mucus is


important

• 3) Vaginal discharge should be stringy and not thin and voluminous


• 4) Ejaculatory thrust of males during natural mating should be
visually observed
• 5) Urovagina is an uncommon problem but when present require
surgical correction.
•
Palpation of both uterine horns, cervical
Transrectal os and the ovaries is the commonest
Palpation diagnostic method used for cows and
buffaloes.
• During palpation following points should
be considered-
• 1) Uterine tone- poor uterine tone at
insemination
• 2) Deformed cervices- Such anatomic
defects pose difficulty in proper
insemination
• 3) Ovulation detection- Delayed
ovulation or anovulation/ovarian cysts
• 4) CL palpation-Improper CL formation
• 5) Enlarged fallopian tubes/ Ovarobursal
adhesions
VAGINOSCOPY
Vaginoscopy is a good tool however;
• 1) Absence of abnormal discharge does not
guarantee absence of uterine inflammation
• 2) Single examinations lack accuracy
• 3) Discharges are absent when cervix is closed
• 4) Metricheck is an alternative device
•  
Test to evaluate uterine health
a) Uterine pH
• 1) Varies from 7.2-7.6 but uterine sample
difficult to collect
• 2) Both low (6.9) and high (8.5) are
detrimental
• 3) Cows on high protein diet have altered pH
• 4) pH of uterus difficult to detect clinically
• b) Uterine Microbiology
• 1) Uterine sample must be appropriately collected
• 2) Sub clinical infections are clinically obscure
• 3) White side test may give poor results with
subclinical endometritis
• 4) Campylobacter a common cause of poor conception
is difficult to be detected
•  
• c) Uterine biopsy and cytology
• Number of PMNs in the sample obtained are evaluated
and it is validated that endometritis is existent.
• Biopsies must be reserved for growths only.
In vivo imaging techniques

• Ultrasonography (USG) is non-invasive and can help in


evaluating the cause of RB.
• USG can be used for
• 1) Evaluating the follicle, CL, ovulation, ovarian cysts.
• 2) Endometrial folding occurs at estrus as seen by USG which
can be helpful in estrus detection.
• 3) For evaluation of ovulation examination at 12 hours
intervals.
• Corpus luteum (CL) development can be evaluated by Day 4
to 5.
• 4) Detection of embryonic deaths.
Follicular ovarian cyst Luteal ovarian cyst
Uterine fluid accumulation Mucometra
• Hormone assays
• Assay of plasma progesterone can be helpful in
vadiating the CL
• 1) Higher progesterone on the day of estrus
(Suprabasal progesterone) that arise from
adrenals due to stress leads to poor conception
• 2) Progesterone assay on the day of estrus and 7
days later can be useful 
• Immunological and in vitro tests
• 1) Antibodies against sperm can be detected in
the serum
• 2) Such tests are more useful in humans.
• Testing tubal patency
• Tubal patency testing is suggested in cows/buffaloes with
obscure infertility with no uterine infection or ovarian
dysfunction.
• 1) For PSP (phenol sulpfopthalein) Dye test fix a foley
catheter in one uterine horn and pass PSP dye (10-20ml).
Dye color appears in urine with in 30 minute if tube is
patent and after 3-4 hours if tube is occluded.
• 2) Contrast sonography by infusing Echovest 400 as
contrast medium in uterus followed by USG was found
useful in one recent study (Kauffold et al 2009)
• 3) Laproscopic chromopertubation
hysterosalpingography not yet reported for cows
• Hysteroscopy
• The direct visualization of uterus using a hysteroscope is a
good approach to evaluate the uterine health.
• A problem with the introduction of hysteroscope in cattle is
the anatomic structure of the cervix. Only a few reports depict
the use of this method -
• 1) Flexible scopes are better
• 2) Bovine cervix offer the maximum difficulty
• 3) Sacral epidural anesthesia is suggested
• 4) Air insufflations/ saline introduction is suggested after
reaching the uterus.
THERAPEUTIC MEASURES

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy