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Chapter-4-Discrete Time Signal in Transform Domain

The document discusses frequency-domain representations of linear time-invariant (LTI) discrete-time systems. It introduces the z-transform and frequency response function H(ejω), which describes the system in the frequency domain. The magnitude and phase responses of H(ejω) and their significance are described. The concept of digital filtering using LTI systems is explained through examples. The transfer function H(z) is introduced as a generalization of the frequency response. Homework problems from the chapter are assigned.

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68 views26 pages

Chapter-4-Discrete Time Signal in Transform Domain

The document discusses frequency-domain representations of linear time-invariant (LTI) discrete-time systems. It introduces the z-transform and frequency response function H(ejω), which describes the system in the frequency domain. The magnitude and phase responses of H(ejω) and their significance are described. The concept of digital filtering using LTI systems is explained through examples. The transfer function H(z) is introduced as a generalization of the frequency response. Homework problems from the chapter are assigned.

Uploaded by

Iqra Imtiaz
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 4

Frequency-domain
Representation of LTI
Discrete-Time Systems
§4.1 LTI Discrete-Time Systems
in the Transform Domain
• This course is concerned with LTI
discrete-time systems characterized by
linear constant coefficient difference
equations of the form:
N M
 d k y[n  k ]   pk x[n  k ]
k 0 k 0
§4.1 LTI Discrete-Time Systems
in the Transform Domain
• Applying the z-transform to both sides of the
difference equation and making use of the
linearity and the time-invariance properties
we arrive at
N M
k k
 d k z Y ( z )   pk z X ( z )
k 0 k 0
where Y(z) and X(z) denote the z-transforms of
y[n] and x[n] with associated ROCs, respectively
§4.1 LTI Discrete-Time Systems
in the Transform Domain
• A more convenient form of the z-domain
representation of the difference equation
is given by

 N k   M
k 
  d k z Y ( z )    pk z  X ( z )
 k 0   k 0 
§4.2 The Frequency Response
• The quantity H(ej) is called the
frequency response of the LTI discrete-
time system
• H(ej) provides a frequency-domain
description of the system
• H(ej) is precisely the DTFT of the
impulse response {h[n]} of the system
§4.2 The Frequency Response
• H(ej), in general, is a complex function of 
with a period 2
• It can be expressed in terms of its real and
imaginary parts
H(ej)= Hre(ej) +j Him(ej)
or, in terms of its magnitude and phase,
H(ej)=|H(ej)| e()
where
()=argH(ej)
§4.2 The Frequency Response
• The function | H(ej) | is called the magnitude
response and the function () is called the
phase response of the LTI discrete-time
system
• Design specifications for the LTI discrete-time
system, in many applications, are given in
terms of the magnitude response or the phase
response or both
§4.2 The Frequency Response
• In some cases, the magnitude function is
specified in decibels as
G() = 20log10| H(ej) | dB
where G() is called the gain function
• The negative of the gain function
A() = - G()
is called the attenuation or loss function
§4.2 The Frequency Response
• Note: Magnitude and phase functions are real
functions of , whereas the frequency
response is a complex function of 
• If the impulse response h[n] is real then the
magnitude function is an even function of :
|H(ej)| = |H(e - j)|
and the phase function is an odd function of
:
() = - (-)
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• One application of an LTI discrete-time
system is to pass certain frequency
components in an input sequence
without any distortion (if possible) and
to block other frequency components
• Such systems are called digital filters
and one of the main subjects of
discussion in this course
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• The key to the filtering process is

j j n
x[n]  1
 X (e ) e d
2

• It expresses an arbitrary input as a
linear weighted sum of an infinite number
of exponential sequences, or equivalently,
as a linear weighted sum of sinusoidal
sequences
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• Thus, by appropriately choosing the
values of the magnitude function |H(ej)|
of the LTI digital filter at frequencies
corresponding to the frequencies of the
sinusoidal components of the input,
some of these components can be
selectively heavily attenuated or filtered
with respect to the others
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• To understand the mechanism behind
the design of frequency-selective filters,
consider a real-coefficient LTI discrete-
time system characterized by a
magnitude function
 1,   c
H ( e j ) 
 0, c    
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• We apply an input
x[n]=Acos1n+Bcos2n, 0< 1< c< 2<
to this system
• Because of linearity, the output of this
system is of the form
y[n]  A H (e j1 ) cos 1n  (1 ) 

 B H (e j2 ) cos 2n  (2 ) 


§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• As
H (e j1 )  1, H (e j2 )  0
the output reduces to
y[n]  A H (e j1 ) cos 1n  (1 ) 
• Thus, the system acts like a lowpass
filter
• In the following example, we consider
the design of a very simple digital filter
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• Thus the output-input relation of the
FIR filter is given by
y[n] = - 6.76195(x[n]+x[n-2])+13.456335x[n-1]
where the input is
x[n] = {cos(0.1n) + cos(0.4n)}[n]
• Program 4_2 can be used to verify the
filtering action of the above system
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• Figure below shows the plots generated
by running this program
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• The first seven samples of the output are
shown below
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• From this table, it can be seen that, neglecting
the least significant digit,
y[n] = cos(0.4(n-1)) for n  2
• Computation of the present value of the
output requires the knowledge of the present
and two previous input samples
• Hence, the first two output samples, y[0] and
y[1], are the result of assumed zero input
sample values at n = -1 and n = -2
§4.4 The Concept of Filtering
• Therefore, first two output samples
constitute the transient part of the output
• Since the impulse response is of length 3,
the steady-state is reached at n = N = 2
• Note also that the output is delayed
version of the high-frequency component
cos(0.4n) of the input, and the delay is
one sample period
§4.6 Frequency Response of
the LTI Discrete-Time System
• Hence, we can write
j    j k  j j j
Y (e )    h[k ] e  X (e )  H (e ) X (e )
 k   
H(e j) is the frequency response of the
LTI system
• The above equation relates the input
and the output of an LTI system in the
frequency domain
§4.7 The Transfer Function
• A generalization of the frequency
response function
• The convolution sum description of an
LTI discrete-time system with an
impulse response h[n] is given by

y[n]   h[k ] x[n  k ]
k  
§4.7 The Transfer Function
• Taking the z-transforms of both sides we get
     n
n
Y ( z)   y[n]z     h[k ] x[n  k ] z
n   n    k   
   n 
  h[k ]  x[n  k ]z 
k    n   
   (  k ) 
  h[k ]  x[]z 
k      
§4.7 The Transfer Function
      k
Or, Y ( z )   h[k ]  x[]z  z
k      
X (z )
Therefore,
  k 
Y ( z )    h[k ]z  X ( z )
 k   
H (z )
Thus, Y(z) = H(z)X(z)
§4.7 The Transfer Function
• Hence,
H(z) = Y(Z)/X(z)
• The function H(z), which is the z-transform of
the impulse response h[n] of the LTI system, is
called the transfer function or the system
function
• The inverse z-transform of the transfer
function H(z) yields the impulse response h[n]
Homework
• Read the textbook from p.203 to 233,
and from 243 to 248
• Problems
4.2, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.12, 4.19, 4.26,
4.29 ， 4.32 ，

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