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Lecture 04 Propositional Function and Quantifiers

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14 views14 pages

Lecture 04 Propositional Function and Quantifiers

Uploaded by

Dimi Legaspi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 04

Proposition or not?
1. She is beautiful.

2. The lions in Manila Zoo are fierce.

3. x is greater than 3.
Subject and Predicate
1. She is beautiful.
Subject:
Predicate:

2. x is greater than 3.
Subject:
Predicate:

subject – focus of the sentence


Predicate – refers to anything about the subject
Propositional function
 Symbolic equivalent of predicate

e.g. x is greater than 3.

variable:
Propositional function:

*when the variables in a propositional function are


assigned values, the resulting statement becomes
a proposition with a certain truth value.
Truth values of propositional
functions
1. Let P(x) denote “x > 3”. What is the truth
value of P(3)?

2. Let A(x) denote “Student with student


number x belongs to batch 2008.” What is the
truth value of A(2007-69833)?
Quantifiers
 One way of creating a proposition from a
propositional function
 Expresses the extent to which the predicate

covers (domain of discourse or just domain)

1. universal quantifier
2. existential quantifier
Universal quantification

 
 The universal quantification of P(x) is the statement
P(x) for all values of x in the domain
Notation: xP(x)
“for all x, P(x)”
“for every x, P(x)”
where is called the universal quantifier
 xP(x) is false iff there is a value x in the domain for which P(x )
0 0
is false. x0 is called a counterexample.
e.g. All BSAM students batch 2015 at UP Mindanao are lefthanded.
predicate/propositional function?
domain?
counterexample?
in symbols?
True or False?
What if the domain is empty?
  
xP(x) will still be true since there is no value
in the domain for which P(x) will be false
Universal quantification and
conjunction
  
Given a domain containing x1, x2, …, xn. xP(x)
is the same as the conjunction
P(x1) P(x2) … P(xn)

e.g. Write the equivalent conjunction of xP(x) if


P(x) is the statement “x2 < 10” and the domain
consists of the positive integers not exceeding
4.
Existential quantification

 
 The existential quantification of P(x) is the proposition
There exists an element x in the domain such that P(x).
Notation: xP(x)
“There is an x such that P(x).”
“There is at least one x such that P(x).”
“For some x, P(x).”
 xP(x) is true iff P(x) is true for at least one value of x in

the domain.
e.g. There exists a BSAM batch 2015 student of UPMin
who lives outside Davao City.
predicate/propositional function?
domain?
true or false?
What if the domain is empty?
  
xP(x) will be false since there is no value in
the domain for which P(x) will be true
Existential quantification and
disjunction
  
Given a domain containing x1, x2, …, xn. xP(x)
is the same as the disjunction
P(x1) P(x2) … P(xn)

e.g. Write the equivalent conjunction of xP(x) if


P(x) is the statement “x2 > 10” and the domain
consists of the positive integers not exceeding
4.
Quantifiers with restricted domains
  x<0(x2>0)

 y≠0(y3≠0)

 z>0(z2=2)
Negation
   Negation
xP(x) ~ xP(x)  x ~P(x)

xP(x) ~ xP(x)  x ~P(x)

Negate:
All BSAM students batch 2014 at UP Mindanao are
lefthanded.
There exists a BSAM batch 2014 student of UPMin
who lives outside Davao City.

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