Valorization of Essential Oil Extracted

from Lakatan Banana Peel (Musa

acuminata Colla) by Microwave-Assisted
Hydrodistillation Enhanced with
Ultrasound Pre-treatment

Kenneth Justine Abedejos

Marchell Desolong
Joanna Marie Tolete
Rona Mille Tomi-as
Adviser: Felix Querubin
Introduction BANANA PEEL
Agricultural waste that is readily available
and accounts for 10-40% of the total weight
of the banana.
Introduction ESSENTIAL OIL
Volatile fraction of the secondary
metabolites  produced by plants.
Introduction ESSENTIAL OIL
 Food preservation
 Pharmaceuticals
 Cosmetics
 Perfumes
 Aromatherapy
Introduction EXTRACTION METHODS
Innovative methods are gradually being
developed in order to optimize the efficiency
of extraction from plants.
Introduction

ULTRASOUND PRE-TREATMENT

An alternative to improve essential oils extraction

Effect of Ultrasound Pre-treatment on Essential Oil Yields from Sweet Lime Peel prior to
Vacuum Assisted Solvent Free Microwave Extraction

VASFME Ultrasound + VASFME

Ultrasound Treatment Time

Soaking Time (min) Essential Oil Yield (%) Essential Oil Yield (%) Increase in Yield (%)
(min)

0 0.77 ± 0.04 a 0 0.77 ± 0.02 a 0

30 0.78 ± 0.02 a 30 0.84 ± 0.03 b 7.69
60 0.78 ± 0.03 a 60 0.91 ± 0.04 c 16.67
90 0.77 ± 0.06 a 90 1.06 ± 0.07 d 37.66
120 0.77 ± 0.05 a 120 0.95 ± 0.06 e 23.38
Source: Arafat et al., 2020
 EXTRACTION METHODS

Introduction

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED
HYDRODISTILLATIO HYDRODISTILLATION
N
One of the conventional extraction Advanced distillation technique
methods. in extracting.
 The Percentage Yield of the Extracted Essential Oil of
Lakatan Banana Peel using Hydrodistillation Method

Species Percentage Yield of Essential Oil (%)

M.acuminata colla “lakatan” Peel 0.22

Source: Zailani et al., 2019

Major Chemical Constituents of the Extracted Essential Oil of Lakatan
Banana Peel using Hydrodistillation Method  

Compound Group Percentage Composition (%)

Ethyl tetradecanoate Esters 16.26 

Ethyl pentanoate Esters 15.85

Hexanoic acid Carboxylic acid  13.34 

α-Pinene Terpenes  6.76 

(2E,6E)-Farnesol Alcohol 5.28 

Source: Zailani et al., 2019

The Percentage Yield of the Extracted Essential Oil of Savory (Satureja hortensis) using
Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation

Percentage Yield of Essential Oil (%)

HD MAHD

220 W 440 W 660 W

1.67% 2.00% 2.37% 2.48%

Source: Rezvanpanah et al., 2018

 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

2
1 3
Identify Power Setting with
Determine the Essential Oil the Highest Yield of Essential Determine the Percent Yield of
Yield Extracted from Lakatan Oil Essential Oil Extracted from
Banana Peel using Microwave- Lakatan Banana Peel using
Assisted Hydrodistillation with Microwave-Assisted
and without Ultrasound Hydrodistillation with and
Pre-treatment without Ultrasound
Pre-treatment
 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

5
Determine the significant 6
4
difference of the percentage
Determine the Percent Yield of yield of the essential oil
Identify the Most Preferred
Ethyl tetradecanoate and Ethyl produced using Microwave-
Extraction Method
Pentanoate Assisted Hydrodistillation
with Ultrasound Pre-treatment
and Hydrodistillation
 METHODOLOGY

1 2 3
Collection and Ultrasound Microwave-Assisted
Preparation of Raw Pre-treatment Hydrodistillation
Materials
40 kHz 2450 MHz
100 W 220 W
90 mins 440 W
660 W
 METHODOLOGY

4 5 6
Liquid-Liquid Gravimetric Analytical
Extraction Measurement of Measurement of
Essential Oil Specific Chemical
Constituents
 METHODOLOGY

7 8
Percentage Yield Statistical Analyses
Composition of
Chemical
Constituent
DETERMINATION OF PERCENT YIELD
ESSENTIAL OIL
DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE YIELD OF CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENT

Percentage yield (%) =

Equation 2. Percentage Yield of Chemical Constituent

 A.Scalbert, I. T. Johnson, and M. Salmarsh. "Polyphenols: Antioxidants and beyond". The American J. of Clinical Nutr., 81, 2005,
pp. 215–217. 
 
Arafat, Y., Altemimi, A., Ibrahim, S. A., & Badwaik, L. S. (2020). Valorization of Sweet Lime Peel for the Extraction of Essential Oil
by Solvent Free Microwave Extraction Enhanced with Ultrasound Pretreatment. Molecules, 25(18), 4072.
 
Aziz, N. A. A., Ho, L. H., Azahari, B., Bhat, R., Cheng, L. H., & Ibrahim, M. N. M. (2011). Chemical and functional properties of the
native banana (Musa acuminata× balbisiana Colla cv. Awak) pseudo-stem and pseudo-stem tender core flours. Food Chemistry,
128(3), 748-753.
 
Bendahou M., Muselli A., Grignon-Dubois M., Benyoucef M., Desjobert J. M., Bernardini A. F., Costa J. (2008). Antimicrobial
activity and chemical composition of Origanum glandulosum Desf. essential oil and extract obtained by microwave extraction:
Comparison with hydrodistillation. Food Chemistry.
 
Bojensen.net. 2020. Essential Oils. [online] Available at:
<https://www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils03/EssentialOils03.htm> [Accessed 10 November 2020].
 
Chamorro, E. R., Zambón, S. N., Morales, W. G., Sequeira, A. F., & Velasco, G. A. (2012). Study of the chemical composition of
essential oils by gas chromatography. Gas chromatography in plant science, wine technology, toxicology and some specific

REFERENCES
applications, 1, 307-324.
 
Chen, F., Liu, S., Zhao, Z., Gao, W., Ma, Y., Wang, X., ... & Luo, D. (2020). Ultrasound pre-treatment combined with microwave-
assisted hydrodistillation of essential oils from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves and its chemical composition and biological
activity. Industrial Crops and Products, 143, 111908.
De los Reyes, J. H., & Pelupessy, W. (2009). Agrarian reform in the Philippine banana chain. Antwerpen, Belgium: IOB.
 
Delazar, A., Nahar, L., Hamedeyazdan, S., & Sarker, S. D. (2012). Microwave-assisted extraction in natural products isolation.
In Natural products isolation (pp. 89-115). Humana Press.

Ehiowemwenguan, G., Emoghene, A. O., & Inetianbor, J. E. (2014). Antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of Banana fruit
peel. IOSR J Pharm, 4(8), 18-25.
 
 Essentialoils.co.za. 2020. The Chemistry Of Essential Oils - The Lowdown And Upside Of The Chemical Components And
Constituents.. [online] Available at: <https://essentialoils.co.za/components.htm#:~:text=Essential%20oils%2C%20like%20all
%20organic%20compounds%2C%20are%20made,a%20look%20at%20what%20an%20isoprene%20unit%20is.> [Accessed 10
November 2020].
 Galanakis, C. M. (Ed.). (2018). Polyphenols: properties, recovery, and applications. Woodhead Publishing.

Hassan, Z., Jahan, I. A., Saha, G. C., Begum, F., Nada, K., & Choudhury, J. (2010). Studies on the peel oil from two varieties of
banana. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 45(4), 393-396.
Jadhav, H., Jadhav, A., Morabiya, Y., Takkalkar, P., Qureshi, S. S., Baloch, A. G., ... & Mubarak, N. M. (2020). Combined Impact of
Ultrasound Pre-treatment and Hydrodistillation on Bioactive Compounds and GC–MS Analysis of Cinnamomum cassia Bark Extract.
Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1-15.
 
Kibria, A. A., Rahman, M. M., & Kar, A. (2019). Extraction and Evaluation of Phytochemicals From Banana Peels (Musa sapientum)
and Banana Plants (Musa paradisiaca). Malaysian Journal of Halal Research, 2(1), 22-26.
 
Kumar, K. S., Bhowmik, D., Duraivel, S., & Umadevi, M. (2012). Traditional and medicinal uses of banana. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(3), 51-63.
 
Magbalot-Fernandez, A., & Montifalcon, L. (2019). Effects of Organic-based Fortified Foliar Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of
‘Lakatan’Banana (Musa acuminata). Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science, 1-9.

REFERENCES
Moradi, S., Fazlali, A., & Hamedi, H. (2018). Microwave-assisted hydro-distillation of essential oil from rosemary: Comparison with
traditional distillation. Avicenna journal of medical biotechnology, 10(1), 22.
 
Nagarajaiah, S. B., & Prakash, J. (2016). Chemical composition and bioactivity of pomace from selected fruits.  International Journal
of Fruit Science, 16(4), 423-443.

Nguyen, T. B. T., Ketsa, S., & van Doorn, W. G. (2003). Relationship between browning and the activities of polyphenoloxidase and
phenylalanine ammonia lyase in banana peel during low temperature storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 30(2), 187-193.

Nik Yusuf, N. A. A., Rosly, E. S., Mohamed, M., Abu Bakar, B., Yusoff, M., Sulaiman, M. A., & Ahmad, M. I. (2016). Waste banana
peel and its potentialization in agricultural applications: Morphology overview. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 840, pp. 394-398).
Trans Tech Publications Ltd.

Nitthiyah, J., Nour, A. H., Kantasamy, R., & Akindoyo, J. O. (2017). Microwave assisted hydrodistillation–An overview of mechanism
and heating properties. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci, 11, 22-29.
 
Nora, F.D., & Borges, C. (2017). Ultrasound pretreatment as an alternative to improve essential oils extraction. Ciencia Rural, 47,
21.
 Pathak, P. D., Mandavgane, S. A., & Kulkarni, B. D. (2017). Fruit peel waste: Characterization and its potential uses. Curr. Sci,
113(3), 444-454.

Pingret, D., Fabiano-Tixier, A. S., & Chemat, F. (2013). Degradation during application of ultrasound in food processing: A
review. Food control, 31(2), 593-606.
 
Okorie, D. O., Eleazu, C. O., & Nwosu, P. (2015). Nutrient and heavy metal composition of plantain (Musa paradisiaca) and banana
(Musa paradisiaca) peels. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 5(3), 1-3.

Rassem, H. H., Nour, A. H., & Yunus, R. M. (2016). Techniques for extraction of essential oils from plants: a review.  Australian
Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 10(16), 117-127.

Rezvanpanah, S., Rezaei, K., Razavi, S. H., & Moini, S. (2008). Use of Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation to Extract the Essential
Oils from Satureja hortensis and Satureja montana. Food science and technology research, 14(3), 311-314.
Sidhu, J. S., & Zafar, T. A. (2018). Bioactive compounds in banana fruits and their health benefits. Food Quality and Safety, 2(4),
183-188.
Someya, S., Yoshiki, Y., & Okubo, K. (2002). Antioxidant compounds from bananas (Musa Cavendish).  Food chemistry, 79(3), 351-
354.
Sonic Soak. 2020. Top 10 Things To Know About Ultrasonic Cleaning Machine. [online] Available at:
REFERENCES
<https://sonicsoak.com/blogs/articles/top-10-things-to-know-about-ultrasonic-cleaning-machine> [Accessed 6 November 2020].
Stashenko, E. & Martinez, J.(2014). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Uysal, B., Sozmen, F., & Buyuktas, B. S. (2010). Solvent–free microwave extraction of essential oils from Laurus nobilis and Melissa
officinalis: Comparison with conventional hydro-distillation and ultrasound extraction. Natural Product Communications, 5(1),
1934578X1000500127.

Waghmare, A. G., & Arya, S. S. (2016). Utilization of unripe banana peel waste as feedstock for ethanol production. Bioethanol,
1(open-issue), 146-156.
 
Waghmare, J. S., & Kurhade, A. H. (2014). GC-MS analysis of bioactive components from banana peel (Musa sapientum peel).
European journal of experimental biology, 4(5), 10-15.
Wei, Z. F., Zhao, R. N., Dong, L. J., Zhao, X. Y., Su, J. X., Zhao, M., ... & Zhang, L. J. (2018). Dual-cooled solvent-free microwave
extraction of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity. Industrial Crops and Products, 120, 71-76.
 
Zailani, M. A., & Sharkawi, A. R. F. (2019). Brine Shrimp Toxicity of Essential Oils from Musa spp. Borneo Journal of Resource
Science and Technology, 9(1), 44-45.