Technology

 is the application of science to solve

problems.
 is the making usage and knowledge of tools,
machine, techniques, crafts and system of
organization to solve problems.
Types of Technology

Technology maybe classified as:

Simple Technology – has two or less simple machines.

Advanced Technology – has several simple machines.

Advantages of Technology
1. Reduces the time it takes to perform a task.
2. Removes drudgery from a task.
3. Allows you to perform more than one task at the same
time.
4. Improves the quality of the finished product.
5. May improve the health of individuals.
6. Increase the performance rate of tasks.
Disadvantages of Technology
1. May negatively impact the environment.
2. Technology some cause unemployment.
3. Technology can cause individuals to become
inactive.
ICT – as forms of technology that are used to transmit, process, store, create, display,
share or exchange information by electronic means.

It includes not only traditional technologies like radio and television, but also modern
ones like cellular phones, computer and network, hardware and software, satellite
systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with
them, such as videoconferencing.
Information Technologies
Creation Personal Computers, Digital camera,
Scanner, Smartphone
Processing Calculator, PC, Smartphone
Storage CD, DVD, Pen Drive, Microchip, Cloud
Display PC, TV, Projector, Smartphone
Transmission Internet, Teleconference, Video
conferencing, Mobile technology, Radio
Exchange E-mail, Cellphone
ICT in Business – Today a lot of business transactions happen through internet and
hence called e-commerce. ICT facilities marketing, customer visit, product browsing,
shopping basket checkout, tax and shopping, receipt and process order. Through e-
commerce one can also offer services pertaining to processing transactions,
documentation, presentations, inventory management and gathering product
information. In other words, every business activity can done being at home.

ICT in Financial Services – Every service a traditional bank provides is available

these days through online service. Starting from transferring money, from one account
to other up to running the day-to-day transactions of the bank are provided through
internet. Through the networking of banks, this has become a reality. Capital market
transactions, financial analysis and related services are available on the online
platforms.
ICT in Entertainment – Internet is a major source of entertainment. Internet is a hub of
movies, games, books and social networking. Due to digital broadcasting, the
television experience itself is changing. We can easily record the television programs
and view it. Digital broadcasting has changed the way we experience television, with
more interactive programming and participation. Digital cameras, printers and
scanners have enabled more people to experiment with image production.

ICT in Public Service – Both Central and State Governments are actively encouraging
e-governance practices. Digital India initiative of Government of India and e-
governance initiative of Government of Kamataka are best examples of this. With
these, and even before many government services are available online. We can enroll
ourselves in the electoral roll of the local assembly constituency through the State
Election Commission portal. We can book an LPG cylinder through the website of the
gas supplier, pay electricity bills online through online bill desk. Land related RTC
can be viewed through internet being at home. ICT is also providing a platform for
conversation between the public and the government through various social
networking services.
ICT in Education – Education is one major sector which has undergone the influence
of innovations in ICT. Starting from providing online content service, platform for
organizing learning experiences to managing learning and assessment has been
changed greatly by ICT developments. Students, teachers and educational
administrators and every stakeholder in education have been benefited by the
integration of ICT in Education.
The concept map illustrates how ICTs have the potential to be used in various
practices of education. It includes teaching and learning, assessment, administration
and teacher professional development.

In teaching learning dimension of education can integrate ICTs in content creation,

content delivery and collaboration. Let us see one of them in detail, content
development for example.

ICT provides us with many tools, including hardware and content. The hardware
encompasses computing devices as well as display devises. The content sources can
be Open Education Resources (OER) and Reusable Learning Objects (RLO). Similar
detailed exploration of ICT use can be taken up for other aspects of educational
practice.

Professional development of teachers is another such example. ICT tools provide

various opportunities in the form of Webinars, online courses, online collaborative
projects, online tutorials, social networking and so on.
The concept map illustrates how ICTs have the potential to be used in various
practices of education. It includes teaching and learning, assessment, administration
and teacher professional development.

In teaching learning dimension of education can integrate ICTs in content creation,

content delivery and collaboration. Let us see one of them in detail, content
development for example.

ICT provides us with many tools, including hardware and content. The hardware
encompasses computing devices as well as display devises. The content sources can
be Open Education Resources (OER) and Reusable Learning Objects (RLO). Similar
detailed exploration of
Information
 refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research.

The tools to transmits information are the telephone, television and radio.

We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For example,
scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn
the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas.

Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks. For example,
forecasting the stock exchange market.

Communication
 is giving, receiving or exchanging ideas, information, signals or messages through
appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, to seek information,
to give information or to express emotions.
Characteristics of Effective
Communication
 Clear Message: The message which the sender wants to convey must be simple, easy to
understand and systematically framed to retain its meaningfulness.
 Correct Message: The information communicated must not be vague or false in any sense; it
must be free from errors and grammatical mistakes.
 Complete Message: Communication is the base for decision making. If the information is
incomplete, it may lead to wrong decisions.
 Precise Message: The message sent must be short and concise to facilitate straightforward
interpretation and take the desired steps.
 Reliability: The sender must be sure from his end that whatever he is conveying is right by his
knowledge. Even the receiver must have trust on the sender and can rely on the message sent.
 Consideration of the Recipient: The medium of communication and other physical settings
must be planned, keeping in mind the attitude, language, knowledge, education level and position
of the receiver.
 Sender’s Courtesy: The message so drafted must reflect the sender’s courtesy, humbleness and
respect towards the receiver.
 Educational Technology
 based on the systems approach to education: the input, output and the process.
It directs both the teachers and learners to formulate learning objectives, and
to develop appropriate strategies of teaching and learning evaluation
techniques. It helps in providing efficiency to the task of teaching and learning
and facilitates effective communication between teachers and students. By now
you would appreciate that educational technology is not merely confined to the
use of audio-visual aids, software and hardware, nor is it limited to the use of
the psychological principles and instructional theories, for bringing change in
the teaching-learning process. It has a much broader scope. To conclude ET is:
a science of using technology in education through which educational
goals can be achieved;
 LEARNING
is acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills,
values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing
different types of information. The ability to learn is
possessed by humans, animals and some machines.
It is also the development of new knowledge, skills,
or attitudes as an individual interacts with
information and the environment.
TYPES OF LEARNING
1. Habituation
In psychology, habituation is an example of non-associative learning in which there is a
progressive diminution of behavioral response probability with repetition stimulus.
2. Sensitization
Sensitization is an example of non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of
a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus (Bell et al., 1995).
3. Associative learning
Associative learning is the process by which an element is taught through association with a
separate, pre-occurring element. It is also referred to as classical conditioning.
4. Classical conditioning
The typical paradigm for classical conditioning involves repeatedly pairing an unconditioned
stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus. Following conditioning, the response occurs
both to the unconditioned stimulus and to the other, unrelated stimulus (now referred to as the
"conditioned stimulus"). The response to the conditioned stimulus is termed a conditioned
response.
5. Imprinting
Imprinting describes any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or
a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior.
6. Observational learning
The learning process most characteristic of humans is imitation; one's personal repetition of an
observed behavior, such as a dance.
7. Play
Play generally describes behavior which has no particular end in itself, but improves performance
in similar situations in the future.
8. Enculturation
Enculturation is the process by which a person learns the requirements of their native culture by
which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviors that are appropriate or necessary
in that culture.
9. Multimedia learning
Multimedia learning is where a person uses both auditory and visual stimuli to learn information
(Mayer 2001).
10. E-learning and augmented learning
Electronic learning or e-learning is a general term used to refer to Internet based
networked computer enhanced learning.
11. Rote learning
Rote learning is a technique which avoids understanding the inner complexities and inferences of the
subject that is being learned and instead focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled
by the learner exactly the way it was read or heard.
12. Informal learning
Informal learning occurs through the experience of day-to-day situations.
13. Formal learning
Formal learning is learning that takes place within a teacher student relationship, such as in a school
system.
14. Non-formal learning
Non-formal learning is organized learning outside the formal learning system.
15. Tangential learning
Tangential learning is the process by which some portion of people will self-educate if a topic is
exposed to them in something that they already enjoy such as playing a musical instrument.
16. Dialogic learning
Dialogic learning is a type of learning based on dialogue.