Starter

Ionic Liquids
Draw the diagram of an ionic lattice structure.
Explain why the ions cannot move around.
 L1
Key words:
•electrolysis
•electrode
Ionic Liquids
•electrolyte
•anode
•cathode
•ions
•ionic compound

AJA student
outcomes:
•Academic
•Leaders
•Islamic Values
Homework:
Click on this link for notes on ‘Edexcel IGCSE
Electrolysis by ‘ChemistryKlipz ’:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AktF-vwTYo8
Ionic Liquids
Ions Revision
 Ions Revision
• For the following • Extension:
atoms, describe how
they form the If you feel confident,
corresponding ions predict what ions the
a) Ag  Ag+ Oxidation following atoms will
b)Mg  Mg2+ form using their
c) F  F- electronic structure or
d)N  N3- position in periodic
table
EXAMPLE: a) Ca
Na (sodium) atoms forms a b)Cl
Na+ ion by losing 1 c) K
electron
 Ions Revision
• For the following atoms, • Extension:
describe how they form
the corresponding ions If you feel confident,
a) Ag  Ag+ Lost 1e- / Oxidation predict what ions the
following atoms will
b)Mg  Mg2+ Lost 2e- / Oxidation form using their
c) F  F- Gained 1e-, Reduced
electronic structure or
d)N  N3- Gained 3e-, Reduced position in periodic
table
EXAMPLE: a) Ca
Na (sodium) atoms forms a b)Cl
Na+ ion by losing 1 c) K
electron
 OIL RIG
• OXIDATION IS LOSS • REDUCTION IS GAIN
Ionic Half Equations
Ionic Half Equations
 Try these:
Hydrogen (H2)
Bromine (Br2)
Oxygen (O2)
Aluminium (Al3+)

Al3+ + e– → Al Al3+ + 3e– → Al

H+ + e – → H 2 2H+ + 2e– → H2

Br- → Br2 + e- 2Br- → Br2 + 2e-

O2- → O2 + e- 2O2- → O2 + 4e-

Ionic Liquids
 Copy and complete using the words in green:
When a _______ ionic compound ________ in water, the
___________ breaks up.
The ions ________ and are free to move around rapidly.
The ions can carry electrical _______ through the
_________. The solution therefore conducts electricity.
WORDS:

separate
dissolves
lattice
soluble
solution
charge

Extension:
Draw a diagram to show how the solution would differ if it were more concentrated
 Copy and complete using the words in green:
When a _______ ionic compound ________ in water, the
___________ breaks up.
The ions ________ and are free to move around rapidly.
The ions can carry electrical _______ through the
_________. The solution therefore conducts electricity.
WORDS:

separate
dissolves
lattice
soluble
solution
charge

Extension:
Draw a diagram to show how the solution would differ if it were more concentrated
 Copy and complete using the words in green:
dissolves in water, the
soluble ionic compound ________
When a _______
lattice
___________ breaks up.
separate and are free to move around rapidly.
The ions ________
charge through the
The ions can carry electrical _______
solution The solution therefore conducts electricity.
_________.
WORDS:

separate
dissolves
lattice
soluble
solution
charge

Extension:
Draw a diagram to show how the solution would differ if it were more concentrated
 Progress Check
Can you answer the following questions?

1. Why do salt (sodium chloride) crystals not conduct

electricity?
2. Water is made up of covalent molecules. Does it conduct?
Why is it not safe to have near electrical equipment?
IONS
Electrolysis
‘splitting up IONIC
compounds using
electricity’
Electrode – rod that(Carbon)
conducts electricity – come in
pairs – one negative and one
positive.
Unreactive and conduct
electricity

Electrolyte – ionic liquid

or solution broken down
by electrolysis.
Opposites attract
Negative ions move to the
positive electrode e.g. chloride
Cl-

Electrode – rod that

conducts electricity –
often made of graphite
(CARBON) or platinum –
they are inert.

Positive ions move to the negative

electrode e.g. copper Cu2+.
 Don’t PANIC
Positive Anode, Negative Is
Cathode
 Don’t PANIC
Positive is Anode, Negative Is
Cathode
 List the products of the
electrolysis of these molten salts.

Salt Anode (+) Cathode (-)

Potassium Bromide Br- K+

Aluminium Oxide O-2 Al+3

Barium Iodide I- Ba+2

Sodium Chloride

Calcium Fluoride
 List the products of the
electrolysis of these molten salts.

Salt Anode (+) Cathode (-)

Potassium Bromide

Aluminium Oxide

Barium Iodide

Sodium Chloride

Calcium Fluoride
 List the products of the
electrolysis of these molten salts.
Common Ions
Common Ions
Electrolysis of molten lead bromide
Electrolysis of molten lead bromide
At the negative electrode (cathode)

• Positive lead ions, Pb2+ ,

are attracted to the
negative electrode.

• At the negative
electrode, the ions
collect electrons from
the circuit.

• The lead ion turns back in

to a lead atom.
 At the positive electrode (anode)

• At the positive
electrode, bromide
ions , Br-, lose
electrons (to replace
electrons taken by
the lead).

• The bromide ions

combine to make
bromine gas
molecules.
 Electrolysis Summary Questions
1. When are ionic compounds able to conduct
electricity?

2. Covalent compounds don’t usually conduct

electricity. Explain why?

3. Why are metals good conductors of heat and

electricity?

4. Draw and label a diagram to show the electrolysis

of lead(ll) bromide.
1. When molten or dissolved into water
2. No ions
3. Delocalised electrons free to flow
4. Pb2+ goes to cathode Br2 goes to anode
 Electrolysis Summary Questions
1. When are ionic compounds able to conduct
electricity?

2. Covalent compounds don’t usually conduct

electricity. Explain why?

3. Why are metals good conductors of heat and

electricity?

4. Draw and label a diagram to show the electrolysis

of lead(ll) bromide.
 L2
Key words:
•molten
Electrolysis of molten
•oxidation
•reduction
compounds
•redox
Learning Objectives:
•ALL: Name products formed by electrolysis of
molten compounds.

•MOST: Describe the process of electrolysis of

AJA student molten salts such as lead(ll) bromide.
outcomes:
•Academic •SOME: Use half equations to show the reactions at
•Leaders electrodes.
•Islamic Values

Homework:
Electrolysis Experiments

Electrolysis only happens when

ionic compounds are:
- molten
- dissolved in water
(aqueous)
 Electrolysis of molten compounds

To predict the products of e.g. Lead Bromide

electrolysis:
1.Pb2+ Br-
1. Work out the ions present.

2. Identify which ion will 2.Pb2+ goes to negative

go to which electrode electrode, Br- goes to
(positive or negative). positive electrode.

3. Metal ions will form a

molten metal, non-metals 3.Molten lead (Pb) is
will usually form a gas formed at negative
and is normally 2 atoms electrode, Bromine gas
in a molecule (e.g. F2 or Br2) (Br2) is formed at positive
electrode.
 Electrolysis of molten lead bromide PbBr2)
= bromide ion
At the cathode:
= lead ion
Pb2+ gains electrons to form
lead metal:
Pb2+ + 2e-  Pb
(REDUCTION)
Cathode
Anode

At the anode:
Br- loses electrons to form
bromine gas.
2Br-  Br2 + 2e-
(OXIDATION)
 Oxidation and Reduction

O oxidation When an atom loses

electrons, this is called
I is
oxidation.
L loss
R reduction When an atom gains
electrons, this is called
I is reduction.
G gain
Both processes happen
in electrolysis. This is
called a Redox reaction.
 Ionic Equations

A sodium ion (Na+) gains an electron :

Na+ + e-  Na

Bromide ion loses an electron to become

Br2 :
Br-  Br2 + e-
Is this
correct??
 Ionic Equations

Bromide ions lose electrons to become

Br2 :

2Br-  Br2 + 2e-

Each bromide ion loses 1 electron, in total 2

electrons are lost!
Task 1 Complete the table below, you
may choose where to begin:

MOST PUPILS

SOME PUPILS

Hint:
Remember to balance
the electrons
How many Br- ions in
total are needed to
Extension: Where is oxidation happening? Where make Br2?
is reduction happening? Use OILRIG to help How many electrons
in total are lost?
Task 1 Complete the table below, you
may choose where to begin:

MOST PUPILS

SOME PUPILS
Task 2
Writing half equations
1. Write balanced half-equations for the following
ions at the cathode.
Pb2+, potassium, hydrogen, aluminium

2. Write balanced half-equations for the

following ions at the anode.
chlorine, bromine, oxygen

EXTENSION
Write half equations for the electrolysis of
TiF4 → Ti + 2F2
Answers

h e
t s
t
o ke
p
S sta
mi
Plenary

Electrolysis of molten hydrogen chloride (HCl)

1. Can you construct balanced half equations for this

process.
2. What are the products of this reaction.
 Answers

At the negative electrode:

Product: Hydrogen
Half Equation: 2H+ + 2e-  H2 (reduction)

At the positive electrode:

Product: Chlorine
Half Equation: 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e- (Oxidation)
 L3
Key words:
•aqueous
Electrolysis of solutions
•solution

Learning Objectives:
•ALL: State ions present in solutions of compounds.

•MOST: Describe the process of electrolysis of

aqueous solutions such as sodium chloride, copper(ll)
AJA student sulphate and dilute sulphuric acid and predict the
outcomes: products.
•Academic
•Leaders
•SOME: Use the rules to identify products for
•Islamic Values
different solutions and write half equations.

Homework:
 Starter

• In yuor Books wrtie out teh half equations

for the electrolysis of Lead Bromide.

Formula Ions
(PbBr2) (Pb2+
Br-)
Pb2+ + 2e-  Pb (Cathode)

2Br-  Br2 + 2e- (Anode)

 Electrolysis of solutions

So far we have looked at electrolysis of a molten compound

What happens when we have solutions? (i.e. including water)

The electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride
Here, water molecules break up into HYDROGEN IONS, H+
and HYDROXIDE IONS OH-
H2O H+ + OH-

Sodium chloride solution - NaCl (aq)

H+ Cl- O Na+ Na+

H+
O Na+ H+ Cl O Cl-
-
 IONIC SOLUTION

H+ Cl OH H+ OH
-
Na+ -
-

OH Na+ H+ Cl Na+ Cl
- - -

Which ions gain or lose electrons (“get

discharged”) and which stay in solution?
 IONIC SOLUTIONS: At the CATHODE
sodium ION, hydrogen Hydrogen
Na
+ missing 1 H + ION, missing H
ATOM, NEUTRAL
electron 1 electron
+
which
ions?
As HYDROGEN is LESS
REACTIVE than
SODIUM, it is H+
discharged. The sodium Na+
ions stay in solution.
H+
H Na+

At CATHODE: 2H+ + 2e- H2

IONIC SOLUTIONS: At the ANODE – halogen compounds
chloride ION, hydroxide ION,
Cl O H from water chlorine ATOM,
extra 1 Cl
NEUTRAL
- electron extra electron
+

H O O H If the –ve ion is a

HALOGEN (Cl, Br, I) it
is discharged and
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl chlorine (or Br or I) is
- -
H O O H given off and the OH -
ions stay in solution.
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl
- -

which
ions? At ANODE: 2Cl- 2e- + Cl2
IONIC SOLUTIONS: CATHODE – non halogen compounds
hydroxide ION,
nitrate ION, Oxygen
NO3 -
O H OH from water, O atom
extra 1 electron
- extra electron
+
NO3 NO3
- - If the – ion is NOT a halogen (e.g.
nitrate, sulphate, etc.) then the
H O O H HYDROXIDE ions from the water
are discharged to make WATER
NO3 NO3 and OXYGEN gas. The other ions
stay in solution.
- -

H O O H
which
ions?
At CATHODE: 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e-
Cations reactivity series
 

For solutions of
highly reactive
metals, hydrogen
gas, not the
metal, is produced
at the cathode.

Reactivity
decreases

Au3+
 RULES FOR IONIC SOLUTIONS
+ ANODE - CATHODE
Attracts – ions (‘Anions’) Attracts + ions (‘Cations’)

If – ions are HALOGENS ie If + ions (metals) are

_______________________
chloride Cl-
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe
bromide Br-
Then __________ is produced
iodide I-
then __________ is produced.
If – ions are NOT HALOGENS
If + ions (metals) are LESS
Eg sulphate SO42-,
REACTIVE than hydrogen
nitrate NO3-
Cu, Ag, Au
carbonate CO32-
Then the _______ is produced
__________ is produced.
 RULES FOR IONIC SOLUTIONS
+ ANODE - CATHODE
Attracts – ions (‘Anions’) Attracts + ions (‘Cations’)

If – ions are HALOGENS ie If + ions (metals) are

_______________________
chloride Cl-
K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe
bromide Br-
Then __________ is produced
iodide I-
then __________ is produced.
If – ions are NOT HALOGENS
If + ions (metals) are LESS
Eg sulphate SO42-,
REACTIVE than hydrogen
nitrate NO3-
Cu, Ag, Au
carbonate CO32-
Then the _______ is produced
__________ is produced.
 RULES FOR IONIC SOLUTIONS
+ ANODE - CATHODE
Attracts – ions (‘Anions’) Attracts + ions (‘Cations’)

If – ions are HALOGENS ie If + ions (metals) are MORE

REACTIVE than hydrogen
chloride Cl-
- K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe
bromide Br
Then HYDROGEN is produced
iodide I-
then HALOGEN is produced.
If – ions are NOT HALOGENS
If + ions (metals) are LESS
Eg sulphate SO42-,
REACTIVE than hydrogen
nitrate NO3-
Cu, Ag,
carbonate CO32-
Then the METAL is produced
OXYGEN + WATER is produced.
(REACTIVITY: K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe3+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Au3+)

Compound State Ions Cathode (-) Anode (+)

potassium molten K+ Cl- potassium chlorine

chloride
aluminium oxide molten

copper chloride solution

sodium bromide solution

silver nitrate solution

potassium solution
chloride
zinc sulphate solution

(REACTIVITY: K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe3+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Au3+)
(REACTIVITY: K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe3+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Au3+)

Compound State Ions Cathode (-) Anode (+)

potassium molten K+ Cl- potassium chlorine

chloride
aluminium oxide molten

copper chloride solution

sodium bromide solution

silver nitrate solution

potassium solution
chloride
zinc sulphate solution

(REACTIVITY: K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe3+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Au3+)
(REACTIVITY: K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe3+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Au3+)

Compound State Ions Cathode (-) Anode (+)

potassium molten K+ Cl- potassium chlorine

chloride
aluminium oxide molten Al3+ O2- aluminium oxygen

copper chloride solution Cu2+ Cl- H+ OH- copper chlorine

sodium bromide solution Na+ Br- H+ OH- hydrogen bromine

silver nitrate solution Ag+ NO3- H+ OH- silver oxygen

potassium solution K+ Cl- H+ OH- hydrogen chlorine

chloride
zinc sulphate solution Zn+ SO 2- H+ OH- hydrogen oxygen
4

(REACTIVITY: K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Zn2+ Fe3+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Au3+)
 Electrolysis of dilute H2SO4
What happens at the electrodes during the
electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid?
At the negative electrode:
2H+ + 2e-  H2 (reduction)
At the positive electrode:
4OH-  2H2O + O2 + 4e- (oxidation)
What is the overall equation for the electrolysis of dilute
sulfuric acid?
2H2O (l)  2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
Twice as much hydrogen forms as oxygen. Why is this?
In water, there are 2 hydrogen atoms for every oxygen
atom, so the ratio by volume, of H2 to O2, is 2:1.
Task

Electrolysis Half-equations
Write half-equations for the electrolysis of the
following ionic compounds:

1.Lead bromide
2.Hydrogen chloride
3.Sodium chloride solution
4.Sulphuric acid solution
5.Copper sulphate solution
Electrolysis of solutions – Cathode

For solutions of highly

reactive metals,
hydrogen gas, not the
metal, is produced at the
cathode.

Only Cu2+, Ag+, Au3+ are

less reactive then
hydrogen
 Electrolysis of solutions – Anode

The product at
the anode depends
on the negative
anions present in
the solution.

If the –ve ion is a HALOGEN (Cl, Br, I) it is discharged and chlorine (or
Br or I) is given off and the OH - ions stay in solution.

If the – ion is NOT a halogen (e.g. nitrate, sulphate, etc.) then the
HYDROXIDE ions from the water are discharged to make WATER and
OXYGEN gas. The other ions stay in solution.
 L4
Key words:
•brine Electrolysis of sodium chloride
•diaphragm cell
solution (Brine)
Learning Objectives:
•ALL: Describe the manufacture of sodium
hydroxide and chlorine by the electrolysis of sodium
chloride solution (brine).

•MOST: Describe important uses of sodium

AJA student
outcomes: hydroxide.
•Academic
•Leaders •SOME: Write ionic half-equations for the
•Islamic Values reactions at the electrodes in the diaphragm cell.

Homework:
 Spelling Test

• Electrolysis
• Anhydrous
• Electrolyte
• Aqueous
• Chromatography
• Empirical
• Equilibrium
What is Brine?

Brine is salty
water (sodium
chloride
solution)

https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=N_HQGiC9OJE
 Electrolysis of brine
Brine (sodium chloride solution) is
electrolysed using a diaphragm cell, as shown
below.
 Electrolysis of brine
Brine (sodium chloride solution) is
electrolysed using a diaphragm cell, as shown
below.
 Electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride
solution)

• There are 4 ions present in the cell: H+ and OH-

from water; and Na+ and Cl- from the sodium
chloride.

• Hydrogen gas is produced at the cathode.

• Chlorine gas is produced at the anode.

• The sodium ions (Na+) and the hydroxide ions (OH-)

stay in the solution. The solution remaining is
sodium hydroxide.
 Electrolysis of brine

• Cathode (-):
2H+ + 2e- H2

(Sodium is higher than hydrogen in the

reactivity series and so it stays as ions)

• Anode (+):
2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-
Chemicals of salt
 Useful products from the
Electrolysis of Brine

Chlorine – used for killing bacteria in

water, for bleach and making plastics
like PVC.

Hydrogen – used in the Haber process,

for making margarine and fertilisers.

Sodium hydroxide – used in many

chemical reactions, such as making
soap, bleach and making paper.
Task Complete worksheet below:
CHARADES

• BRINE
• ELECTROLYTE
• CHLORINE
• CATHODE
• DIAPHAGM
 L5
Key words:
•mole
•faraday Electrolysis: The Faraday
•coulombs
•current
•charge Learning Objectives:
-Recall that one faraday represents one
mole of electrons.

-Calculate the amounts of the products of

AJA student
outcomes: the electrolysis of molten salts and aqueous
•Academic solutions.
•Leaders
•Islamic Values
Homework:
 The Faraday
• A Faraday is one mole of electrons, and is equivalent to
96 500C (Coulombs).

• A current of 1A = 1C per second flowing

• For example,
Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu

1 mole of Cu2+ ions reacts with 2 Faradays of electrons, to

produce 1 mole of Cu
Quantity of electricity (coulombs) =
current (amps) x time (seconds)

Q (C) = I (A) x t (s)

Example Question 1

How much copper is deposited

if a current of 0.2 Amps is
passed for 2 hours through a
copper(II) sulphate solution ?
 “How To” Guide
1. Write out relevant half equation

2. Work out coulombs of electrons flowing

(Q = I(amps) x T)

3. Convert Current into moles of electrons

(Faradays) (Q/96500)

4. Work out moles of product using ratio from

equation (2e- means divide by 2)

5. Convert into mass (mass = moles x Ar)

At the cathode: How much copper is
1. Cu2+(aq) + 2e-  Cu(s) deposited if a current of
0.2 Amps is passed for 2
2. Q = I x t hours through a copper(ll)
= 0.2 x (2 x 60 x 60) sulphate solution?
= 1440 Coulombs
3. 1 mole of electrons = 96500 Coulombs so, 1440 / 96500 = 0.0149
moles of electrons (Faradays)

moles of electrons passed through circuit = 0.0149

Cu2+(aq) + 2e-  Cu(s)

4. From equation, it takes two moles of electrons to form one mole of

copper so:

moles of Cu = 0.01492 / 2 = 0.00746

5. mass of Cu = moles x Ar
= 0.00746 x 64
= 0.4775g of Cu deposited
Example Question 2

In an electrolysis of sodium chloride solution

experiment a current of 2 A was passed for
2 minutes.

(a) Calculate the volume of chlorine gas produced.

(b) What volume of hydrogen would be formed?

(c) In practice the measured volume of chlorine can

be less than the theoretical value. Why?
Electrode equations: Question: In an electrolysis
of sodium chloride solution
(-) cathode: 2H+ + 2e-  H2
experiment a current of 2 A
(+) anode: 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e-  was passed for 2 minutes.

(a) Calculate the volume of chlorine gas produced.

•Q = I x t, so Q = 2 x 2 x 60 = 240 C
•240 C = 240 / 96500 = 0.002487 mol electrons
•this will produce 0.002487 / 2 = 0.001244 mol Cl 2 (2 electrons/molecule)
•vol = mol x molar volume = 0.001244 x 24000 = 29.8 cm3 of Cl2

(b) What volume of hydrogen would be formed?

29.8 cm3 of H2 because two electrons transferred per molecule,
same as chlorine.
(c) In practice the measured volume of chlorine can be less than the
theoretical value. Why?
Chlorine is moderately soluble in water and also reacts with the sodium
hydroxide formed.
Example Question 3

In the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride 60

cm3 of chlorine was produced. Calculate…

(a) how many moles of were chlorine produced?

(b) what mass of sodium would be formed?
(c) for how long would a current of 3 A in the electrolysis
circuit have to flow to produce the 60cm3 of
chlorine?
Electrode equations: In the electrolysis of
molten sodium chloride
(-) cathode: 2Na+ + 2e-  2Na 60 cm3 of chlorine was
(+) anode: 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e- produced.

(a)How many moles of chlorine produced?

60 / 24000 = 0.0025 mol Cl2 

(b) What mass of sodium would be formed?

•from the electrode equations 2 mol sodium will be made for every
mole of chlorine
•so 0.0025 x 2 = 0.005 mol sodium will be formed. A r(Na) = 23
•mass = mol x atomic mass = 0.005 x 23 = 0.115g Na
(c) For how long would a current of 3 A in the electrolysis circuit have to
flow to produce the 60cm3 of chlorine?

•To produce 0.0025 mol of Cl2 you need 0.005 mol of electrons
•0.005 mol electrons = 0.005 x 96500 coulombs = 482.5 C
•Q = I x t, so 482.5 = 3 x t, therefore t = 482.5 / 3 = 161 s (to nearest
second)
Task

Electrolysis – Calculating masses

Complete questions on page 33 of the IGCSE

Chemistry Exam Practice Workbook.