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Module 1.2 - The Normal Curve

The normal distribution is a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve defined by its mean and standard deviation. It is the most important probability distribution in statistics and is used to model real-world data that tends to cluster around a central average. Key properties include that 68% of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 standard deviations, and 99.7% within 3 standard deviations. Z-scores indicate how many standard deviations a value is from the mean and are used to compare values from different normal distributions.

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138 views31 pages

Module 1.2 - The Normal Curve

The normal distribution is a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve defined by its mean and standard deviation. It is the most important probability distribution in statistics and is used to model real-world data that tends to cluster around a central average. Key properties include that 68% of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 standard deviations, and 99.7% within 3 standard deviations. Z-scores indicate how many standard deviations a value is from the mean and are used to compare values from different normal distributions.

Uploaded by

John Mark Matibag
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Normal Distributions

13 - 1
Normal Distribution
The normal distribution is defined by the density
function:
2
1  x 
1  
2  

f ( x)  e
 2
This function happens to be
Symmetrical,
Bell-shaped,
and easy to use tables are available.
e = 2.72 π = 3.14

13 - 2
Normal Distribution IMAGE
Normal Distribution Image
Normal Distribution Image
What is Normal (Gaussian) Distribution?
• The normal distribution is a descriptive model
that describes real world situations.

• It is defined as a continuous frequency


distribution of infinite range (can take any
values not just integers as in the case of
binomial and Poisson distribution).

• This is the most important probability


distribution in statistics and important tool in
analysis of data.
Characteristics of Normal Distribution
• It links frequency distribution to probability
distribution

• Has a Bell Shape Curve and is Symmetric

• It is Symmetric around the mean:


Two halves of the curve are the same (mirror
images)
Characteristics of Normal Distribution Cont’d

• Mean = Median

• The total area under the curve is 1 (or 100%)

• Normal Distribution has the same shape as


Standard Normal Distribution.

• Normal Probability Distribution is a


probability of continuous random variable
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

The mean (μ ) = 0 and

Standard deviation (σ) =1


STANDARD Normal Distribution Image
z-score formula/Standard
Score
x
z

Where x represents an element of
the data set, the mean is

represented by and standard 
deviation by .
Z Score (Standard Score)3

• Z = X-μ
σ
• Z indicates how many standard deviations away
from the mean the point x lies.
• Z score is calculated to 2 decimal places.
• A standard normal distribution is the set of all z-
scores.
z-scores
A z-score reflects how many standard
deviations above or below the mean a
raw score is.

The z-score is positive if the data value


lies above the mean and negative if the
data value lies below the mean.
Distinguishing Features
• The mean ± 1 standard deviation covers
68.2% of the area under the curve

• The mean ± 2 standard deviation covers 95.4%


of the area under the curve

• The mean ± 3 standard deviation covers 99.7%


of the area under the curve
Skewness

Positive Skewness: Mean ≥ Median

Negative Skewness: Median ≥ Mean


Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness3:
= 3 (Mean –Median)
Standard deviation
Negative Skewness (Tail to Left)
Positive Skewness (Tail to Right)
How to Construct the Normal Curve?
Example 1: Assume that 68.2% of grade 11 students have
heights between 1.5 and 1.7 m and the data are normally
distributed.

a. Find the mean.


b. Compute the standard deviation
c. Construct the Normal Curve of the Normal
Distribution

13 - 19
How to Construct the Normal Curve?
Example 1: Assume that 68.2% of grade 11
students have heights between 1.5 and 1.7 m
and the data are normally distributed.

a. Find the mean.


μ = 1.5 + 1.7
2
μ = 1.6 the height is 1.6 m

13 - 20
How to Construct the Normal Curve?
Example 1: Assume that 68,2% of grade 11 students have
heights between 1.5 and 1.7 m and the data are normally
distributed.
b. Compute the Standard Deviation
By property of the given normal dist., 66.7%
accounts for 1 standard deviation of the mean.
Therefore, μ - δ = 1.5 and μ + δ = 1.7. Use the 2nd
equation to solve for standard deviation:
μ + δ = 1.7
1.6 + δ = 1.7
δ = 0.1
13 - 21
How to Construct the Normal Curve?

c. To construct the normal curve, use the equation


2
1  x 
1  
2  

f ( x)  e
 2

13 - 22
Normal Distribution Image

1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9


PROBLEM 2

Standard Deviation

68.2% :μ - δ = lowest score μ + δ = highest score

95.4%: μ - 2δ = lowest score μ + 2δ = highest score

99.7%: μ - 3δ = lowest score μ + 3δ = highest score

13 - 24
PROBLEM 2

In a normal distribution, 95.4% of the values fall between


5.8 and 10.6. Find the following:

a. Mean
b. Standard Deviation
c. Draw the normal curve

13 - 25
PROBLEM 2

In a normal distribution, 95.4% of the values fall between


5.8 and 10.6. Find the following:

a. Mean b. Standard Deviation


μ = 5.8 + 10.6
μ + 2δ = 10.6
2 8.2 + 2δ = 10.6
μ = 8.2 2δ = 10.6 - 8.2
2δ = 2.4
2
δ = 1.2

13 - 26
Normal Distribution Image

4.6 5.8 7 8.2 9.4 10.6 11.8


PRACTICE

CONSTRUCT A NORMAL CURVE

1. The heights of the women in a particular town are


normally 156 cm and 174 cm.Using 66.7% of the
population, find the mean, standard deviation and
construct the normal curve.

2. The mean of the normal distribution is 2 and the


standard deviation is 1. Draw the normal curve
corresponds to this normal distribution.

13 - 28
Let Us Apply the Z-Score

Suppose SAT scores among college students are normally


distributed with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of
100. If a student scores a 700, what would be her z-score?

x z
700  500
2
z 100

Her z-score would be 2 which means her score is
two standard deviations above the mean.

13 - 29
Let Us Apply the Z-Score

A set of math test scores has a mean of 70 and a standard


deviation of 8. A set of English test scores has a mean of
74 and a standard deviation of 16. For which test would a
score of 78 have a higher standing?
x 78-70
z math z -score = 1
 8
76-74
78
English z -score=  .25
16
The math score would have the highest standing since it is 1 standard
deviation above the mean while the English score is only .25 standard
deviation above the mean.
13 - 30
Analyzing the data
What will be the miles per gallon for a Toyota
Camry when the average mpg is 23, it has a
z value of 1.5 and a standard deviation of 2?
x
Using the formula for z-scores: z

x  23
1.5  3  x  23 x  26
2
The Toyota Camry would be expected to use 26 mpg of
gasoline.

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