Chapter No.

: 03
Geometric Modeling
 Difference Between 2D and 3D Models
2D Models 3D Models
• 2D figure is plotted on two axes, • 3D figure is plotted on three axes,
namely the x- and y-axes namely the x-, y-, and z-axes.
•  2D stands for Two-Dimensional • 3D stands for Three-Dimensional
• Length and thickness • Length, width and thickness
• Circle, triangle, square, rectangle • Cylinder, pyramid, cube and prism
and pentagon
• No rendering tool is used in 2-D • Rendering tool is used in 3-D
modelling modelling
• Mass properties like volume, • Can found
centre of gravity, area, density of
the object can not be found.
 Geometric Modeling
• Geometric Modeling is representation of the geometry of a
component using computer software is called geometric model.
• The shapes studied in geometric modeling are mostly two- or three-
dimensional
• Today most geometric modeling is done with computers and for
computer-based applications. 
• Two-dimensional models are important in technical drawing. 
Three-dimensional models are central to computer-aided design and 
manufacturing (CAD/CAM), and widely used in many applied technical
fields such as civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, geology
 and medical image processing.
 Types of Geometric modeling

• Wire frame modeling

• Surface modeling
• Solid modeling
 Wire frame modeling
• Wireframe modeling is the process of
visual presentation of a three-
dimensional or physical object used in 3-
D computer graphics.
• It is representation of a real-world 3-D
object using lines and curves.
• A wire-frame model is a visual
representation of a three-dimensional
 (3D) physical object used in 
3D computer graphics. It is created by
specifying each edge of the physical
object by connecting an object's
constituent vertices using (straight) lines
 or curves.
 Advantages Disadvantages
• Easy to create. • Inability to produce blended and
• Provides a convenient geometric rounded surfaces.
definition for many engineering • Inability to differentiate b/w the
applications. inside & outside of objects.
 Surface Modeling
• Surface modeling is a mathematical method usually provided in
computer-aided design applications for displaying solid-
appearing objects.
• Surface modeling makes it possible for users to look at the
specific object at specific angles with solid surfaces.
• Surface modeling is a popular technique for architectural designs
and renderings. Surface modeling has wide range of applications
such as in consumer products, marine vehicles, body panels of
automobiles and aircraft structures.
• Surface modeling is considered a more complex technique for
displaying objects than wireframe modeling.
• Surface models do not have
thickness whereas thick or solid
models have a user defined
thickness.
• A solid model of any shape that
is created can be created using
the surface modeling
techniques but only difference
between the solid model will
have mass properties but the
surface model will not.
 Advantages Disadvantages
• Using of rendering tool • Did no show any types of
• Use in CAM or CNC material inside object
• Use in mould design and die • Use small size of mesh in curve
design surface
• Show Roughness, color and • If mesh size is large then result
reflectivity in surface modeling may be wrong.
 Solid modeling
• Solid modeling (or modelling) is a consistent set of principles for
mathematical and computer modeling of three-dimensional solids.
Solid modeling is distinguished from related areas of 
geometric modeling and computer graphics by its emphasis on
physical fidelity. 
• Together, the principles of geometric and solid modeling form the
foundation of 3D-computer-aided design and in general support the
creation, exchange, visualization, animation, interrogation, and
annotation of digital models of physical objects
• The use of solid modeling techniques allows for the automation of
several difficult engineering calculations that are carried out as a part
of the design process.
• Simulation, planning, and verification of processes such as machining
 and assembly were one of the main catalysts for the development of
solid modeling.
• More recently, the range of supported manufacturing applications has
been greatly expanded to include sheet metal manufacturing, 
injection molding, welding, etc.
• Beyond traditional manufacturing, solid modeling techniques serve as
the foundation for rapid prototyping and reverse engineering by
reconstructing solids from sampled points on physical objects,
mechanical analysis using finite elements and NC path verification, 
kinematic and dynamic analysis of mechanisms
 Solid Modeling Method
• CSG (Constractive Solid Geometry)
• Boundary Representation (B-rep)
• Pure Primitives
 CSG (Constractive Solid Geometry)

• Constructive solid geometry (CSG; formerly called computational

binary solid geometry) is a technique used in solid modeling.
Constructive solid geometry allows a modeler to create a complex
surface or object by using Boolean operators to combine simpler
objects.
• Example: cylinder- diameter and height
• Block – length, width and height
• Typically they are the objects of simple shape: cuboids, cylinders, 
prisms, pyramids, spheres, cones
• Allowable operations, which are typically Boolean operations on sets:
union, intersection and difference
Intersection
 Boundary Representation (B-rep)
• A boundary representation (B-Rep) of an object is a geometric and
topological description of its boundary. The object boundary is
segmented into a finite number of bounded subsets, called faces.
• A face is represented in a B-Rep by its bounding edges and vertices.
Thus, a B-Rep consists of three primitive topological entities: faces (2-
dimensional entities), edges (1-dimensional entities) and vertices (0-
dimensional entities).
• Boundary representation of models are composed of two parts: 
topology and geometry (surfaces, curves and points). The main
topological items are: faces, edges and vertices. A face is a bounded
portion of a surface; an edge is a bounded piece of a curve and a
vertex lies at a point.
• Show in fig. rectangular block
divide in six plane and each plan
divide in four line.
 Advantages Disadvantages

• Volumetric information can be • Calculation time more

find • Use more power full computer
• Easily make 2D drawing, • RAM capacity
assembly drawing, exploded
view.
• FEM
• CIM,CAM
• Calculate mass property
 Pure Primitives
• You can create several basic
3D shapes, known as solid
primitives: boxes, cones,
cylinders, spheres, wedges,
pyramids.
• By combining primitive
shapes, you can create more
complex solids. For example,
you can join two solids,
subtract one from the other,
or create a shape based on the
intersection of their volumes.
Parametric Modeling
• Parametric modeling are referred to as mechanical CAD modellers
and can be described as parametric, feature-based, solid and surface
modeling design tools.
• Parametric modeling is an approach to 3D CAD in which you
capture design intent using features and constraints, and this allows
users to automate repetitive changes, such as those found in families
of product parts.
 Advantages
• All files can be quickly updated.
• Existing data can be used for new designs
• More useful for complex solid modeling
• Easily assemble of more parts.