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The document discusses various Java concepts including abstract classes and methods, varargs, visibility control using access modifiers, the this keyword, and arrays. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and require subclasses to implement abstract methods. Varargs allow methods to accept a variable number of arguments and must be the final parameter. Visibility modifiers like public, private, protected control access to classes, methods and fields. The this keyword refers to the current object and is used to distinguish class attributes from method parameters. Arrays provide a way to store multiple values in a single variable and can be single or multi-dimensional.

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38 views34 pages

Abstract Join AICTE Telegram Group

The document discusses various Java concepts including abstract classes and methods, varargs, visibility control using access modifiers, the this keyword, and arrays. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and require subclasses to implement abstract methods. Varargs allow methods to accept a variable number of arguments and must be the final parameter. Visibility modifiers like public, private, protected control access to classes, methods and fields. The this keyword refers to the current object and is used to distinguish class attributes from method parameters. Arrays provide a way to store multiple values in a single variable and can be single or multi-dimensional.

Uploaded by

Vivek Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Abstract methods and classes


2. Methods with var-args
3. Visibility control in java
4. this keyword
5. Arrays in java
Abstract Methods and Classes
 A class declared as abstract is known as abstract class.
 It needs to be extended and its method implemented.
 It cannot be instantiated.
Syntax to declare the abstract class
abstract class <class_name>{ }  
Abstract Method
• A method that is declared as abstract and does not have
implementation is known as abstract method.
Syntax to define the abstract method
abstract return_type <method_name>();
//no braces{}  
Example
abstract class Bike
{  
   abstract void run( );  
}  
  

class Honda extends Bike
{  
void run()
{ System.out.println("running safely..");
}  
  

public static void main(String args[])
{  
  Bike obj = new Honda();  
  obj.run();  
}  
} 
//example of abstract class having constructor, field and method
abstract class Bike  
{   int limit=30;  
 Bike( )
{ System.out.println("constructor is invoked");}  
  void getDetails() {
System.out.println("it has two wheels"); }  
  abstract void run();  
}  
class Honda extends Bike{  
  void run(){ System.out.println("running safely.."); } 
 public static void main(String args[]){  
   Bike obj = new Honda();  
   obj.run();  
   obj.getDetails();  
  System.out.println(obj.limit);  }  }  
Methods with varargs
 Varags represents variable length arguments in
methods.
 It makes the code simpler and flexible.
<access specifier> <static> void method-name(object…arguments)

 in which
 Object is type of an argument.
 Ellipsis (…) is the key to varargs and
 arguments is the name of variable.
 Thus varargs allows us to declare a method with the
unspecified number of parameters.
 The varargs must be the final argument in the argument
list of a method.
 Example :
Public void sample(String username, String password, String mailId);

 This method can be replaced by varargs:


public void sample(String … var_name)
Example program for varargs

class Exampleprg
{
Exampleprg (String… person)
{
for(String name: person)
{
System.out.println(“Hello ”+ name);
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Exampleprg(“John”, “Janny”, “Janardan”);
}
}
VISIBILITY CONTROL IN JAVA
ACCESS MODIFIERS
 Visibility modifiers also known as access modifiers.
 To restrict the access to variables and methods outside class
access specifiers are used
 Java provides the following access modifiers

Public
Friendly/Package (default)
Private
Protected
Private protected
PUBLIC ACCESS
 Any variable or method is visible to the entire class in which
it is defined.
 What if we want to make it visible to all classes outside the
current class??
 This is possible by simply declaring the variable or method
as ‘public’.
public int number;
public void sum( )
{…..}
 A variable declared as public has widest possible visibility
and accessible everywhere.
FRIENDLY ACCESS
 When no access modifier is specified, the member is
known as ‘friendly’ level of access.
 The difference between the public and the friendly
access is that –
 public modifier makes the field visible in all classes
regardless of their package.
 while the friendly access make them visible only within
the current package and not within the other packages.

 This is also known as package access.


PROTECTED ACCESS
 Protected access makes the field visible not only to all
classes and subclasses in the same package but also to
subclasses in other package.

 The visibility level of the protected field lies between


the public and the friendly access.

 Non subclasses in other packages cannot access the


protected members
PRIVATE ACCESS
 Gives highest degree of protection.
 They are accessible only within their own class.

 They cannot be inherited by their subclass and

hence not visible in it.

 A private method is like a final method.


Private protected Access Specifier
 The field which uses two keyword private and protected
together.
 Example

private protected int a;


 Provides a visibility level in between the protected
access and private access.
 This modifier makes the fields visible in all subclasses
regardless of package.
 Not accessible by other classes in same package.
Access Modifier Public Protected Friendly Private Private
protected

Access Location
Same class Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Subclass in Yes Yes Yes Yes No


same package

Other classes in Yes Yes Yes No No


same package

Subclasses in Yes Yes No Yes No


other package

Non subclasses Yes No No No No


in other
package
this keyword
 When the instance method or constructor being
called by an object, then the object is called ‘object
under execution’ which is always pointed by ‘this’
pointer.

 The members of the current object such as


constructor or instance variables can be referred by
using this pointer.
this keyword
 Following are the uses of this keyword.
1. this keyword can be used to refer current class instance
variable.
2. this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
3. this keyword can be used to invoke current class method
(implicitly)
4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
5. this can be passed as argument in the constructor call.
6. this keyword can also be used to return the current class
instance.
Problem Without this Keyword
class student{   In the example, parameter
    int id;   (formal arguments) and
    String name;   instance variables are same
      
that is why we are using this
    student(int id, String name){  keyword to distinguish
    id = id;   between local variable and
    name = name;   instance variable
    }  
    void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}  
  

    public static void main(String args[]){  
    student s1 = new student(111,"Karan");  
    student s2 = new student(321,"Aryan");   Output:
    s1.display();  
    s2.display();  
0 null
    }   0 null
}
Solution of the above problem by this keyword
class Student{  
    int id;  
    String name;  
    student(int id, String name)
{  
     this.id = id;  
    this.name = name;  
     }  
    void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}  
    public static void main(String args[])
{  
     Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");  
     Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");  
   s1.display();  
     s2.display();  
}  }
Garbage Collection
 Objects are dynamically allocated by using new
operator.
 Such objects are destroyed and their memory must
be released for later reallocation.
 In java, the destruction of object takes place
automatically.
 Garbage collection is a process in which the memory
allocated to objects, which are no longer in use can
be reclaimed for further use or free.
Garbage Collection
 The garbage collection is a technique, which
handles the destroying of the objects in java.

 There is no need to destroy the object explicitly.


 The object does not become garbage until all the
references have been dropped.
 The garbage collector runs as a separate low
level priority thread.
ARRAYS, STRINGS AND VECTORS
Arrays
 Array is a collection of similar type of elements that
have contiguous memory location.
 Array provides a convenient means of grouping
related information.
 We can store only fixed elements in an array.
 Array is index based, first element of the array is
stored at 0 index.
Advantage of Array
•Code Optimization: 
• It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or
sort the data easily.
•Random access: 
• We can get any data located at any index
position.

Disadvantage of Array
•Size Limit: 
• We can store only fixed size of elements in the
array. It doesn't grow its size at runtime.
Types of Array
 There are two types of array.
 Single Dimensional Array
 Multidimensional Array
Single Dimensional Array
 A list of items are given in one variable name
using only one subscript.
 Syntax to Declare an Array in java
dataType[ ] arrayRefVar; (or)  
dataType [ ]arrayRefVar; (or)  
dataType arrayRefVar[ ];  

 Instantiation of an Array in java


 arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];
Example of single dimensional java array
class B {  
public static void main(String args[])
{  
int a[]=new int[5]; //declaration and instantiation  
a[0]=10; //initialization  
a[1]=20;  
a[2]=70;  
a[3]=40;  
a[4]=50;  
//printing array  
for(int i=0; i<a.length; i++) //length is the property of array  
System.out.println(a[i]);  
}}
Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization of Java Array

 We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java


array in single statement together by:
 int a[]={33,3,4,5}; //declaration, instantiation and initialization  
class B{  
public static void main(String args[])
{  
//declaration, instantiation and initialization 
int a[]={33,3,4,5};  

//printing array
for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++) 
System.out.println(a[i]);  
}
}  
Passing Java Array in the method
class B{  
static void min(int arr[])
{  
int min=arr[0];  
for(int i=1;i<arr.length;i++)  
 if(min>arr[i])  
   min=arr[i];  
System.out.println(min);  
}  
public static void main(String args[])
{  
int a[]={33,3,4,5};  
min(a); //passing array in the method 
}}  
Multidimensional array
 In such case, data is stored in row and column based
index (also known as matrix form).
 Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in java

dataType[ ][ ] arrayRefVar; (or)  
dataType [ ][ ]arrayRefVar; (or)  
dataType  arrayRefVar[ ][ ]; (or)  
dataType [ ]arrayRefVar[ ];   
 Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in java

int[ ][ ] arr=new int[3][3]; //3 row and 3 column


 Example to initialize Multidimensional Array in java
arr[0][0]=1;  
arr[0][1]=2;  
arr[0][2]=3;  
arr[1][0]=4;  
arr[1][1]=5;  
arr[1][2]=6;  
arr[2][0]=7;  
arr[2][1]=8;  
arr[2][2]=9;  
Example of Multidimensional java array
class B
{  
public static void main(String args[])
{    
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};   //declaring and initializing 2D array  
for(int i=0;i<3;i++)
{  
  for(int j=0;j<3;j++)
{  
    System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");  
  }  
  System.out.println();  
}  
}
} 
Addition of 2 matrices
class B
{  
public static void main(String args[])
{  
int arr[][]={ {1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5} };    
for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
{  
  for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
{  
    System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");  
  }  
  System.out.println();  
}   
}
} 

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