LTE Basics and Key Technologies

LTE Training Material

ZTE Sales System

Engineering Service TDD
Product Support Department
Name: Xu Jiqian
E-mail : Xu.Jiqian@zte.com.cn
Revision Record

Version Date Prepared/Modified by Remarks

V1.0 Nov. 2009 Xu Jiqian This is a new version.
V1.1 Nov. 2009 Xu Jiqian This is a modified version.
V1.2 Dec. 2009 Xu Jiqian This is a modified version.
V2.0 Sept. 2010 Xu Jiqian This is a modified version.

2
By learning this material, you will:

 Get to know the development process of mobile communication

and the position and network architecture of LTE
 Get to know the protocol structure and fundamentals of E-UTRAN
 Get to know the relevant key technologies of LTE applications
 Get to know systematic knowledge of LTE system principles

3
Outline

 Part I LTE, Past and Present

 Part II LTE Basics

 Part III LTE Key Technologies

Part I LTE, Past and Present

 Chapter I LTE in the Past

 Section I Mobile Communication Development
 Section II Why LTE?
 Section III Evolutionary Process

 Chapter II LTE at Present

 Section I What is LTE?
 Section II LTE Network Architecture

5
Mobile Communication Development

 The aim of mobile communication development is that anyone can communicate with
others in any way, at any place, and at any time.

2nd generation 1990s 3rd generation

1st generation 1980s
Digital IMT-2000
Analog
AMPS GSM
Analog technology

UMTS

Broadband service
Voice service
Digital technology

CDMA WCDMA
TACS Market-driven IS95 Market-driven
CDMA
TDMA 2000
NMT
IS-136
TD-
Others PDC SCDMA

6
Mobile Communication Development –
Introduction to the Third Generation Mobile
Telecommunication
 In 1985, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) put forward the concept
of third generation mobile communication system, which was then called the future
public land telecommunication system (FPLMTS). Later, the system was planned to
be put into commercial use in around 2000 and work at the frequency band of 2000
MHz. Thus, ITU adopted the suggestions from countries such as Japan in 1996,
and changed the name of FPLMTS into the international mobile
telecommunications, namely, IMT-2000.
 The most typical international standards for the third generation mobile
communication technology at present are: CDMA2000, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA.
CDMA is the mainstream 3G technology; CDMA2000 and WCDMA use FDD mode;
TD-SCDMA use TDD mode, whose uplink and downlink services work at the same
frequency.
 WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d- IEEE 802.16e)

7
Mobile Communication Development – Dominant Mobile
Data Service
Vodafone’s mobile data service revenue increases

 Vodafone began providing 3G data services in

Europe in 2004.
 Data services grew rapidly from 2004 to 2008.
 Data services offset the decline of voice ARPU value
and became the pulling drive for the total revenue
growth.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Mobile data service Growth rate
revenue (GBP million) The proportion of Verizon’s mobile data revenue in
the total mobile communication revenue
 Verizon took the lead in launching the nationwide wireless
broadband network in America and upgraded it
continuously.
 The proportion of mobile data service revenue rises rapidly
in the total revenue of mobile communication.
 With the increase of data services, Verizon’s total mobile

communication revenue exceeded AT&T for the first time

in the 3rd quarter of 2008.

Mobile data service-a powerful engine driving revenue growth in the future

8
 Mobile Communication Development – Fixed Network
Pushes the Broadband Process of Mobile Network
 The bandwidth of mobile network is very close to that of the fixed network.
 The fixed network facilitates the mobile network to apply broadband services. FTTH
1000
LTE+
Fixed
network
Mobile
network
100 LTE
VDSL

HSPA+
Throughput

ADSL2+
(Mbps)

10

HSPA
ADSL
1

ISDN 3G
Cable
0.1 modem EDGE
GPRS

Past Today Future

9
Part I LTE, Past and Present

 Chapter I LTE in the Past

 Section I Mobile Communication Development
 Section II Why LTE?
 Section III Evolutionary Process

 Chapter II LTE at Present

 Section I What is LTE?
 Section II LTE Network Architecture

10
Why LTE?

 LTE: Long Term Evolution

 Why LTE?
 The 3G standard based on CDMA technology could guarantee the competitiveness
in the next couple of years upon the technical enhancement of technologies such
as HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink. But it needs further consideration as to how to
guarantee the competitiveness in the long run.
 LTE is born to deal with the pressure from its market counterpart, that is, WiMAX.
 The development of LTE is the preliminary step for the collection of ITU’s 4G
standard.

11
Why LTE - LTE Enriches Mobile Services

Mobile broadband changes our future life

 Video sharing
 Mobile email
 Video blog
 Network meeting
 Video chatting
 HD video
conference  Information service

 Video on  Mobile shopping

demand  Mobile banking
 Online game  Mobile securities
 HD video stream

LTE improves UE perception through large capacity,

quick response, high data rate, and better QoS.

12
Part I LTE, Past and Present

 Chapter I LTE in the Past

 Section I Mobile Communication Development
 Section II Why LTE?
 Section III Evolutionary Process

 Chapter II LTE at Present

 Section I What is LTE?
 Section II LTE Network Architecture

13
Evolutionary Process –Evolutionary Path of Wireless Technology

GSM GPRS EDGE eEDGE

LTE

TD- HSUPA
HSDPA
SCDMA
MBMS
WCDMA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+
FDD/
R99 R5 R6 R7
TDD
MBMS 4G

CDMA CDMA CDMA 2000 EV-DO

IS95 2000 1x 1X EV-DO Rev. A

EV-DO
Rev. B

802.16 d 802.16 e 802.16 m

2G 2.5G 2.75G 3G 3.5G 3.75G 3.9G 4G

LTE becomes the trend of mobile communication technology evolution, during which, multiple
technologies will coexist for a long period of time before they evolve into one single network.

14
Evolutionary Process –UL/DL Rate Evolution

15
Evolutionary Process – Protocol Evolution
 3GPP began to work on the standard related to LTE in December 2004. LTE was
an improvement project of UTRAN and UTRA. The preparation of 3GPP standard
has four stages: demands proposing, structure creating, detailed implementation,
and test for validation.
 3GPP works in groups, and the RAN1/2/3/4/5 workgroups are directly related to
LTE. In September 2008, the R8 LTE RAN1 group work is frozen; in December
2008, the functions of R8 LTE RAN2, RAN3, RAN4 are frozen; and in March 2009,
the R8 LTE standard was completed. 3GPP R9 workgroup mainly improved the
performance of the LTE family base station, management and security, as well as
the LTE Pico base station and self-organization management related functions.
The following figure shows the current conditions of LTE standard development.

16
Evolutionary Process – TDD Spectrum
Spectrum Duplex
Indication UL DL Mode

33 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz 1900 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD

34 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz 2010 MHz – 2025 MHz TDD

35 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz 1850 MHz – 1910 MHz TDD

36 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz 1930 MHz – 1990 MHz TDD

37 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz 1910 MHz – 1930 MHz TDD

38 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz 2570 MHz – 2620 MHz TDD

39 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz 1880 MHz – 1920 MHz TDD

40 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz 2300 MHz – 2400 MHz TDD

17
Evolutionary Process – A Glance at LTE Industry Chain

Network vendors Terminal/data card vendors

LTE Industry
Chain

Chip vendors

18
Part I LTE, Past and Present

 Chapter I LTE in the Past

 Section I Mobile Communication Development
 Section II Why LTE?
 Section III Evolutionary Process

 Chapter II LTE at Present

 Section I What is LTE?
 Section II LTE Network Architecture

19
What is LTE?

Branches will
finally come to
a trunk!

 LTE: 3GPP Long Term Evolution

 LTE adopts the optimized UTRAN architecture
 The aim of the LTE project is to guarantee the
sustained competitiveness of 3GPP in the future.

20
What is LTE?
Peak data rate:
 There are FDD and TDD modes.
 When OFDM and MIMO are adopted, the peak
data rate is:
 DL 100 Mbps Reduce time delay
Enhance
 UL 50 Mbps
cell
 The flat and all-IP network architecture reduces coverage
time delay of the system.
 CP: stay - activation<100 ms; sleep– LTE
characteristics
activation<50 ms
 UP: at least 5 ms
Lower OPEX
 The processing capability of the control plane: Enhance and CAPEX
no less than 200 users at a 5-M broadband in a spectrum
efficiency
single cell.
 Spectrum efficiency: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz,
Support
10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz different
 The spectrum efficiency is improved two to bandwidths
flexibly
three times that of 3G.

21
What is LTE – Evolution of LTE Key Technology

22
 Part I LTE, Past and Present

 Chapter I LTE in the Past

 Section I Mobile Communication Development
 Section II Why LTE?
 Section III Evolutionary Process

 Chapter II LTE at Present

 Section I What is LTE?
 Section II LTE Network Architecture

23
LTE Network Architecture
Separation of media plane Flattened network
and control plane architecture

Interconnection with
RNC+NodeB=eNodeB
conventional network

All IP

 The flattened network reduces time delay of

the system so as to improve user’s experience
and provide more services.
 The number of NEs is reduced to make the
network deployment simpler and network
maintenance easier.
 The central control system in the RNC is
cancelled to avoid the single point failure,
which improves the network stability.
E-UTRAN has only one kind of node NE, that is, E-Node B

24
LTE Network Architecture – Functions of NEs

E-Node B MME Serving GW PDN GW

It has all the functions of  NAS signaling and  Support data handover  User- based packet
the existing 3GPP Node B security on the user plane of the UE filtering
and most functions of the Signaling between CN in mobility  Legitimate monitoring
RNC, including: nodes caused by 3GPP  Support downlink packet IP address assignment
Physical layer access network mobility data cache and paging in  data packet mark in the
MAC, RLC, and PDCP  UE traceability and E-UTRAN idle mode uplink and downlink on the
RRC reachability in idle mode  Data packet routing and transport layer
Resource allocation and  Roaming forwarding DHCPv4 and DHCPv6
radio resource  Authentication  Data packet mark in the (client, relay, server ）
management  Bearer administration uplink and downlink on the
Radio access control (including establishment of transport layer
Mobility management dedicated bearer ）

25
Outline

 Part I LTE, Past and Present

 Part II LTE Basics

 Part III LTE Key Technologies

 Part II LTE Basics

 Chapter I LTE Protocol Structure

 Section I LTE Network Interface Protocol
 Section II LTE Protocol Stack Architecture

 Chapter II Introduction of LTE Basics

 Section I LTE Wireless Frame Structure
 Section II LTE Physical Resource Allocation
 Section III LTE Physical Channel and Signal
 Section IV LTE Physical Layer Process

27
LTE Network Interface Protocol

GERAN

Gb PDN SAE S7 hPCRF

GW
UTRAN S9
Iu

GPRS Core S8b

Evolved RAN VPCRF
X1
S4 S7 Rx+
S3
eNB S10 HSS

S6 Operator IP
X1 X2 MME S5 services
Inter AS Gi
S1-MME Anchor (including IMS,
PSS, ...)
S11
S1-U S2
Serving
eNB SAE GW Evolved Packet Core IP Access

28
LTE Network Interface Protocol

User plane PDUs S1 -AP User plane PDUs

X2 -AP

GTP-U GTP-U
SCTP SCTP
UDP UDP
IP IP
IP IP
Data link layer Data link layer
Data link layer Data link layer

Physical layer Physical layer Physical layer

Physical layer

S1 user plane S1 control plane X2 user plane X2 control plane

29
LTE Network Interface Protocol

 PHY provides transport channels for MAC

Layer 3 Radio Resource Control (RRC)  MAC provides different logical channels for RLC
Control / Measurements

Logical channels
Layer 2
Medium Access Control
(MAC)
Transport channels

Layer 1 Physical layer

 PHY is located at the bottom of the UU interface protocol stacks;

 Information interaction with MAC sublayer and RRC layer is
available;
 PHY provides data transmission service for high layer through
transport channels.

30
 Part II LTE Basics

 Chapter I LTE Protocol Structure

 Section I LTE network interface protocol
 Section II LTE protocol stack architecture

 Chapter II Introduction to LTE Basics

 Section I LTE wireless frame structure
 Section II LTE physical resource allocation
 Section III LTE physical layer and signal
 Section IV LTE physical layer process

31
LTE Protocol Stack Architecture

MME

UE eNB NAS

S1AP
NAS
APP SCTP
RRC RRC S1AP X2AP
IP
PDCP PDCP SCTP

RLC RLC IP
SGW
MAC MAC GTPU
GTPU
PHY PHY UDP
UDP

IP

Signaling flow

Data flow

32
 Part II LTE Basics

 Chapter I LTE Protocol Structure

 Section I LTE Network Interface Protocol
 Section II LTE Protocol Stack Architecture

 Chapter II E-UTRAN Physical Layer

 Section I LTE Wireless Frame Structure
 Section II LTE Physical Resource Allocation
 Section III LTE Physical Channel And Signal
 Section IV LTE Physical Layer Process

33
LTE Radio Frame Structure

 LTE supports two types of radio frame structures: Type 1, applicable to FDD;
Type 2, applicable to TDD.

Frame Structure Type1 - FDD

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms

One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19

One subframe
Time unit: Ts=1/(15000*2048)s

Type1 frame structure: Each10 ms radio frame is divided into 20 timeslots or 10

subframes.
Each subframe has 2 timeslots, 0.5 ms for each timeslot.
The UL and DL transport is conducted at different frequencies.

34
 LTE Radio Frame Structure
Type2 frame structure:
Frame structure Type2 Each 10 ms wireless frame is divided into two half frames
— TDD with the duration of 5 ms each.
One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms Each half frame is composed of 8 timeslots with the duration
of 0.5 ms and 3 special zones DwPTS, GP, UpPTS ("8+3
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms scheme").
The total duration of DwPTS, GP and UpPTS is 1 ms, while
the duration of DwPTS or UpPTS is configurable.

One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

One subframe,
30720Ts

DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

 On the frequency domain, if they are several orthogonal subcarriers, the subcarrier interval
Further is 15 KHz or 7.5 KHz. For instance, there are 1200 subcarriers in the case of 20 M system
analysis bandwidth, and there are 72 subcarriers in the case of 20 M system bandwidth
 On the time domain, each 1ms subframe is divided into several symbols, and there are
guard interval CP between symbols; there are 14 symbols in 1 ms for regular CP and 12
symbols in 1ms for extended CP.

35
LTE Radio Frame Structure
Normal cyclic prefix Extended cyclic prefix
Configuration
Uplink-downlink and special timeslot DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS
configuration
0 3 10 3 8
1 9 4 8 3 1 OFDM
"D" indicates that the
1 OFDM symbols
subframe is used for downlink 2 10 3 9 2
symbols
transmission, "U" indicates
that the subframe is used for 3 11 2 10 1
uplink transmission, "S" 4 12 1 3 7
indicates the special 2 OFDM
subframe composed of 5 3 9 8 2
symbols
DwPTS, GP and UpPTS. 6 9 3 9 1
2 OFDM
7 10 2 symbols - - -
8 11 1 - - -

Uplink-downlink Downlink-to-Uplink Subframe number

configuration Switch-point
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
periodicity
The periodicity of
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U DwPTS and UpPTS in
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D the special subframe
are configurable, and
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
they can meet the total
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D periodicity of DwPTS,
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D GP and UpPTS of1ms.
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
36
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
 Part II LTE Basics

 Chapter I LTE Protocol Structure

 Section I LTE Network Interface Protocol
 Section II LTE Protocol Stack Architecture

 Chapter II Introduction of LTE Basics

 Section I LTE Radio Frame Structure
 Section II LTE Physical Resource Allocation
 Section III LTE Physical Channel and Signal
 Section IV LTE Physical Layer Process

37
LTE Physical Resource Allocation – Concept of Antenna Port

Antenna port
 LTE uses the antenna port to distinguish the spatial resources. The antenna port is defined
from the perspective of the receiver. That is, if the receiver is required to distinguish the
difference of resources in space, many antenna ports need to be defined. There is no one-to-one

mapping between antenna interfaces and physical antenna ports.

 As currently LTE supports only the single RF link transmission in UL, and thus does not
need to differentiate resources in space, the concept of antenna interface is not introduced for
the uplink.
 At present, LTE defines three types of antenna ports in DL, which correspond to the antenna
serial numbers 0 to 5 respectively.
•Antenna port for cell-specific reference signal transmission: port 0 to 3

•Antenna port for MBSFN reference signal transmission: port 4

•Antenna port for terminal-specific reference signal transmission: port 5

38
LTE Physical Resource Allocation - RE/RB
Concept of the resource block: a physical resource block One downlink slot Tslot
(PRB) is composed of the continuous DL symbolsRBon
N symb N
the time domain and the continuous sc
subcarriers on
DL RB
the frequency domain. Wherein, N symband N scare
dependent on the CP type and subcarrier interval. DL
N symb OFDM symbols

DL RB
k  N RB N sc  1
Subcarrier CP Number of Number of Number of
interval duration subcarriers symbols REs
Regular Resource block
12 7 84
CP DL
N symb RB
 N sc
15 KHz
Extended resource elements
12 6 72

subcarriers
CP

subcarriers
Regular
7.5 KHz 24 3 72
CP
Resource element (k , l )
 RE (Resource Element) is the minimum
resource unit; for each antenna port, it indicates
an OFDM or SC-FDMA symbol on the time
domain and a subcarrier on the frequency
domain.
k 0
 RB (Resource Block) is the resource unit of DL
l0 l  N symb 1
service channel resource allocation.
39
LTE Physical Resource Allocation - RE/RB Diagram

One resource block

Nsymb  N scRBresource element

one s
lo t, Ns
ymb
sy符
ol个
m号
bols

N scRB 个子载波, 180kHz

subcarriers, 180kHz

40
LTE Physical Resource Allocation - REG/CCE/RBG

REG RBG
The Resource Block Group (RBG) is the
RS REG n+1 REG n+2 RS REG n+1 REG n+2 resource unit of service channel resource
allocation, composed of a group of RBs; the
size of the group depends on the system
RS REG n+1 RS REG n+1
bandwidth.
System Bandwidth RBG Size
RS RS （ RB ） (P)
REG n REG n REG n REG n
≤10 1
11 – 26 2
RS RS 27 – 63 3
第一个OFDM符号
First OFDM symbol Second OFDM symbol
第二个OFDM符号 Second OFDM symbol Third
第二个OFDM符号 第三个OFDM符号
OFDM symbol 64 – 110 4
(1/2 public antenna (4 public antenna porta)
(1/2个公共天线端口)
port) (4个公共天线端口)

The Resource Element Group (REG) indicates the Channel Control Element (CCE) is the
REs aggregated in the control area for mapping resource unit of PDCCH resource allocation
the downlink control channel; each REG contains composed of 9 REGs.
4 data REs. CCE
41
LTE Physical Resource Allocation – Control Area and
Data Area
7 symbols 7 symbols

Regular subframe: The regular subframe is composed of

two timeslots, including downlink Unicast/MBSFN
subframe, downlink MBSFN-specific carrier subframe and
uplink regular subframe.
Special subframe: The special subframe is composed of
three special zones, namely, DwPTS, GP and UpPTS.

Nc subcarriers
12 subcarriers
1. Downlink Unicast/MBSFN subframe: Signals in the control area
and in the data area are distinguished by time, and the number of
OFDM symbols in the control area can be allocated.

Downlink Unicast/MBSFN subframe Number of OFDM symbols in

control area

Subframe 1 and subframe 6 in frame 1, 2

structure type 2
Subframe having MBSFN transmission 1, 2
Subframe having no MBSF transmission 1, 2, 3

2. Downlink MBSFN-specific carrier subframe has no control area in it.

3. Signals in the control area and in the data area in the uplink regular 数据区域
控制区域
Control area Data area
subframe are distinguished by frequency.

42
 Part II LTE Basics

 Chapter I LTE protocol structure

 Section I LTE Network Interface Protocol
 Section II LTE Protocol Stack Architecture

 Chapter II Introduction to LTE Principles

 Section I LTE Radio Frame Structure
 Section II LTE Physical Resource Allocation
 Section III LTE Physical Channel and Signal
 Section IV LTE Physical Layer Process

43
LTE Physical Channel
Downlink physical channel
Channel type Functions

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel ) Carrying downlink service data

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) Carrying broadcasting information

PMCH ( Physical Multicast Channel) Carrying broadcasting information of multiple

cells when supporting MBMS service

PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) Indicating the number of symbols occupied
by PDCCH in the same subframe

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) Carrying the downlink scheduling information
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) Carrying HARQ information

Uplink physical channel

Channel type Functions
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) Carrying uplink service data
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) Carrying HARQ information

PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) Sending preamble information for random access of the
UE

44
LTE Physical Channel – Physical Layer Signaling
Control Physical Carrying Information
information channel

UCI PUCCH Send feedback to ACK/NACK of downlink transmission, scheduling request, and measuring
result of CQI

CFI PCFICH PDCCH occupies several OFDM symbols, CFI value is 1 or 2 or 3

HI PHICH Send feedback to ACK/NACK of uplink transmission, HI value is 0 or 1

DCI PDCCH Resource allocation information, HARQ information, uplink scheduling confirmation and other
control information
PDCCH is classified to the following several formats depending on the carrying information :
DCI format 0 bearing UL-SCH resource allocation information;
DCI format 1 bearing DL-SCH resource allocation information of SIMO mode;
DCI format 1A bearing DL-SCH resource allocation information of simple SIMO mode;
DCI format 2 bearing DL-SCH resource allocation information of MIMO mode;
DCI format 3 bearing TPC command word for PUCCH and PUSCH (power adjustment of 2
bits);
DCI format 3A bearing TPC command word for PUCCH and PUSCH (power adjustment of 1
bit)

The physical layer signaling is mainly used for carrying the information related to resource
allocation and HARQ related information.
45
LTE Physical Channel - Mapping

46
LTE Physical Channel – Coding Mode
 Channel coding of transmission channel
Transmission
Coding scheme Coding rate
channel
UL-SCH/DL-SCH
Turbo coding 1/3
PCH/MCH
BCH Tail biting convolutional coding 1/3
RACH N/A N/A

 Channel coding of control information

Control information Coding scheme Coding rate

DCI Tail biting convolutional coding 1/3

CFI Block code 1/16
HI Repetition code 1/3
Block code variable
UCI
Tail biting convolutional coding 1/3

47
LTE Physical Channel – Modulation Mode
 Modulation mode of downlink physical channel

Physical Modulation mode

channel
PDSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PDCCH QPSK
PBCH QPSK
PCFICH QPSK
PHICH BPSK

Modulation mode of uplink physical channel

Physical channel Modulation mode
PUSCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
PUCCH BPSK,QPSK
PRACH N/A

48
Basic Handling Process of Downlink Physical Channel

 Basic handling process

 Scrambling: Carry out scrambling for the bits in the code bytes to be transmitted in physical channel.
 Modulation: The scrambled bits become the complex value modulation symbols.
 Layer mapping: Map the complex value modulation symbols onto one or more transport layers.
 Precoding: Carry out precoding for the complex value modulation symbols on each transport layer to
be transmitted on various antenna ports.
 Resource element mapping: Map the complex value modulation symbols of each antenna port onto
the resource element.
 OFDM signal generation: Generate the OFDM symbols of complex value time domain for each
antenna port.

code words layers antenna ports

Modulation Resource OFDM signal

Scrambling
mapper element mapper generation
Layer
Precoding
mapper
Modulation Resource OFDM signal
Scrambling
mapper element mapper generation

49
LTE Physical Channel – Basic Handling Process of Downlink Physical Channel

1. Scrambling
 The number of bits does not
change before and after
scrambling.
 PDCCH is exceptional.

2. Modulation
 The coding efficiency varies
with different modulation
Physical Channel Modulation Method
methods.
PDSCH/ PMCH QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
 QPSK: L=2; 16QAM: L=4;
PBCH/PCFICH/PDCCH QPSK
64QAM: L=6. PHICH N/A

50
 LTE Physical Channel – Basic Handling Process of Downlink Physical Channel

3. Layer mapping
Number of code words q, number of layers v, antenna port number P, the number of
layer
symbols on each layer M symb
x(i )  x ( 0) (i ) ... x ( 1) (i ) 
T layer
Input d ( q ) (0),..., d ( q ) ( M symb
(q)
 1) , output i  0,,1,..., M symb 1

Layer mapping of a single antenna (v=1)

layer (0)
x ( 0) (i )  d ( 0) (i ) M symb  M symb
Layer mapping for spatial multiplexing (q=1, 2, v≤P).

51
LTE Physical Channel – Basic Handling Process of Downlink Physical Channel

3. Layer mapping
 Layer mapping of transmit diversity (q=1, v=P).

52
LTE Physical Channel – Basic Handling Process of Downlink Physical Channel

4. Precoding
The output of layer mapping serves as the input, and the output of each antenna port
ap
p is indicated as y (,p ) (i ) i  0,1,..., M symb 1

 Pre-code transmitted on the single antenna (p=1)

y ( p ) (i )  x (0) (i ) , i  0,1,..., M ap  1 , ap
M symb layer
 M symb
symb
 Pre-code of spatial multiplexing (p=2,4)
 CDD is small or equals to 0

 y ( 0) (i )   x (0) (i ) 
   
    D(ki )W (i )   
 y ( P 1) (i )  x ( 1) (i )
   
 CDD is big

 y (0) (i )   x ( 0) (i ) 
   
    W (i ) D(i )U   
 y ( P 1) (i )  x ( 1) (i )
   

53
LTE Physical Channel – Basic Handling Process of Downlink Physical Channel

54
LTE Physical Channel – Basic Handling Process of Downlink Physical Channel

4. Precoding
 Precoding of transmit diversity
 P=2

 P=4

55
LTE Physical Channel – Basic Handling Process of Downlink Physical Channel

5. Mapping to resource element

( p)
 At each antenna port, the complex value symbol begins from y (0) and is
mapped to the designated virtual transfer block.
 The resource block for transferring reference signals is not mapped.
 Perform mapping in proper sequence by the timeslot and subframe, that is, k is
before 1.

56
LTE Physical Channel – RE Mapping of Downlink Physical Channel

 PDSCH, PMCH and PBCH are mapped onto the data field of subframe.
 PMCH and PDSCH or PBCH can not co-exist in one subframe at the same time.
 PDSCH and PBCH can exist in the same subframe.
 Because both subframe 0 and subframe 5 have the PBCH, all subframes 0 and
subframes 5 can not transmit PMCH.

OFDM symbols 36 sub-carriers

36 sub-carriers

57
LTE Physical Channel – RE Mapping of Downlink Physical Channel

 PDCCH, PCFICH and PHICH are mapped onto the control area within the subframe.
 PCFICH is used to indicate the number of OFDM used for transmitting PDCCH in a
subframe, and it appears only in the first timeslot.

Subframe Number of OFDM symbols for PDCCH

Subframe 1 and 6 for frame structure type 2 1, 2

MBSFN subframes on a carrier supporting both PMCH and 1, 2

PDSCH
MBSFN subframes on a carrier not supporting PDSCH 0

All other subframes when 2, 3, 4

DL
N RB  [10]
All other cases 1, 2, 3

58
LTE Physical Channel – RE Mapping of the Downlink Physical Channel

 PDCCH bears the uplink and downlink scheduling information and other control information, which
specifically includes transport format, resource allocation, uplink scheduling permit, power control,
ACK/NACK information related to uplink transport. The information can form various control
information (DCI) formats, which are mapped into the n (n<=4) OFDM symbols in front of each
subframe; the specific value of n is given by CFI in the PCFICH channel;
 PDCCH format: Each PDCCH is transmitted in one or more control channel units (CCE). Here, the
control channel unit (CCE) corresponds with 9 resource element groups (REG);

PDCCH format Number of CCEs Number of REG Number of PDCCH bits

0 1 9 72
1 2 18 144
2 4 36 288
3 8 72 576

 PHICH carries the hybrid-ARQ and ACK/NAK information, which is mapped to a PHICH group
formed by many PHICH of the same resource element. The PHICH in a PHICH group is
differentiated through different orthogonal sequences. One PHICH group can bear 8 PHICH at most,
while one PHICH corresponds with the ACK/NAK information of one user;
  n group
One PHICH resource is marked by PHICH PHICH
seq
, n seq
 n group
PHICH
using index, in which indicates
the PHICH group number, n while
PHICH indicates the orthogonal sequence index within the
group.
59
LTE Physical Channel – Basic Handling Process of Uplink Physical Channel

 Basis handling process (basically the same in the downlink)

1. Scrambling: Carry out scrambling for the bits in the code word to be transmitted in
physical channel.
2. Modulation: The scrambled bits become the complex value modulation symbols.
3. Layer mapping: Map the complex value modulation symbols to one or more
transport layers.
4. Precoding: Carry out scrambling for the complex value modulation symbols on each
transport layer to be transmitted at each antenna port.
5. Resource element mapping: Map the complex value modulation symbols of each
antenna port to the resource element.
6. SC-FDMA signal generation: Generate the SC-FDMA symbols of complex value
time domain for each antenna port.

60
LTE Physical Channel – Control Information of Uplink
Physical Channel
 PUCCH is in charge of the periodical report of the uplink control information (UCI), which includes HARQ-ACK, SR,
CQI, PMI and RI.
 SR: indicates scheduling request. The UE applies for resource scheduling information from the base station.
 CQI: indicates the Channel Quality Indicator. The UE provides feedback about the quality of current channels to the
base station, which will adjust the current modulation mode according to the feedback of CQI levels. If the channel
quality is high, the higher modulation mode is adopted; otherwise, the lower modulation mode is adopted.
 PMI: indicates the Precoding Matrix Indicator, that is, the currently used precoding matrix information.
 RI: indicates the Rank indicator. In the case of transmit diversity, RI constantly equals to 1. In the case of spatial
multiplexing, RI indicates the number of precoding layers.
 Relation between CQI, PMI, RI and downlink MIMO. Under the open-loop spatial multiplexing, the base station needs
the feedback of only the RI, and the codebook is used in turn according to predefined sequence; under the closed
loop spatial multiplexing, the base station needs the feedback of CQI, PMI, and RI, and it will choose codebook
depending on feedback dynamics to adapt to different channel conditions. Under the closed-loop spatial multiplexing,
the quantity of available codebooks is more than that of open-loop spatial multiplexing. Because the closed-loop
spatial multiplexing can adjust tactics according to feedback dynamics of channel, it can adapt to more complicated
channel environment.

61
LTE Physical Channel – Control Information of Uplink Physical Channel

 The control information is reported in two ways: one is the periodical report, which is in the charge of
PUCCH with the minimum period of a subframe; the other is a periodic report, which is in the charge
of PUSCH. In order not to report a periodical report and a non-periodical report at the same time,
PUCCH and PUSCH cannot be transmitted at the same time.

PUCCH format Purpose Modulation mode Number of bits

1 SR N/A N/A

1a ACK/NACK BPSK 1

1b ACK/NACK QPSK 2
2 CQI QPSK 20
2a CQI+ACK/NACK QPSK+BPSK 21
2b CQI+ACK/NACK QPSK+BPSK 22

62
LTE Physical Channel – Uplink Physical Channel PRACH
 PRACH time domain structure 6RB CP Preamble
 Preamble: CP + Sequence TCP TPRE
 A guard interval needs to be reserved
Preamble 　 　
after Preamble format
Duration TCP TSEQ Sequence length

 One PRACH occupies 6 RBs 0 1ms 3152

　 Ts 24576
　 Ts 839

1 2ms 21012  Ts 　24576  Ts 839

 Preamble is generated using Zadoff-Chu 6224  Ts 2  24576 839 (transmitted
2 2ms 　  Ts
twice)
sequence 21012  Ts 　2  24576  Ts 839(transmitted
3 3ms
 Sequence length: twice)
4(only for FS 4096  Ts
 Preamble format 0 to 3: 839, there are ≈157.3us 448  Ts 139
2)
838 root sequences
subcarriers subcarriers
3子载波
 Preamble format 4: 139, there are 138 13子载波

root sequences

subcarriers

subcarriers
subcarriers

subcarriers
 The subcarrier interval adopted by

139 子载波
839 子载波

144 子载波
864 子载波
Preamble signal is different from
other downlink SC-FDMA symbols subcarriers

 Preamble format 0 to 3: 1250Hz

 Preamble format 4: 7500Hz subcarriers
12子载波 subcarriers
2子载波

Preamble format 0~3 Preamble format 4

63
LTE Physical Channel – Number of Code Word, Number of Layers,
and Precoding Operation

Physical Supportable Supportable number Supportable number

channel precoding operation of code words of layers
Port transmission of a
1 1
PDSCH single antenna
PUSCH Spatial multiplexing 1, 2 1,2,3,4
Transmit diversity 1 2,4
PDCCH Port transmission of a
1 1
PBCH single antenna
PCFICH
PHICH Transmit diversity 1 2,4
PUCCH

64
LTE Physical Signal

 DL physical signal
 Reference signal
 Cell dedicated reference signal
 MBSFN reference signal
 UE dedicated reference signal
 Synchronization signal
 Main synchronization signal
 Auxiliary synchronization signal
 Uplink physical signal
 Reference signal
 Demodulation reference signal
 Sounding reference signal

65
LTE Physical Signal – Cell Dedicated Reference Signal
 Cell dedicated reference signal
 Transmitted on all downlink subframes of the cells that do not support MBSFN
 If the subframe has been used for transmitting MBSFN, only the first two OFDM
symbols of subframe can be used for transmitting cell-specific reference signal.
 The cell-specific reference signal can be transmitted on one or more antenna
ports ranging from 0 to 3.
 Generation of reference signal ( rm, n (ns ) )
 Common CP:

rm,n (ns )  rmOS PRS

, n  rm, n ( ns )
 Extended CP:
 Composed of one two-dimensional sequence
 Two-dimensional  Two-dimensional
orthogonal pseudo random . rmPRS
, n ( ns )
sequence sequence  504 in total.
 3 in total  170 in total  One-to-one mapping exists between the cell ID
 Correspond with the
on the physical layer and the 504 different two-
cell ID group on
three physical dimensional random sequences.
layers respectively

66
LTE Physical Signal – Cell Dedicated Reference Signal

R0 R0
 Cell dedicated reference signal mapped to the resource
element
One antenna port

R0 R0

 At any antenna port in a timeslot, the resource

R0 R0
element for transmitting reference signal cannot be
R0 R0
l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 used at any other antenna port in the same timeslot,
and it is required to be set to 0.
Resource element (k,l)

R0 R0 R1 R1
Two antenna ports

R0 R0 R1 R1
Not used for transmission on this antenna port

R0 R0 R1 R1
Reference symbols on this antenna port

R0 R0 R1 R1
l0 l6 l 0 l6 l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
Four antenna ports

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3

R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3
l 0 l6 l 0 l6 l 0 l 6 l0 l 6 l0 l 6 l0 l 6 l0 l6 l0 l6

even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots

Antenna port 0 Antenna port 1 Antenna port 2 Antenna port 3

67
LTE Physical Signal – MBSFN Reference Signal

R4
R4
R4 R4 R4 R4

R4  MBSFN reference signal R4

R4 R4  Transferred on the R4 R4
R4
subframe assigned
R4 R4 R4

R4 for transmission.
R4 R4
R4 R4  Transferred through
R4
R4 antenna port No. 4.
R4 R4 R4 R4

R4 Extended cyclic prefix R4

R4 R4 Δf=7.5kHz
R4 R4
l0 l 5l  0 l 5
R4
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
R4 R4
Antenna port 4 l  0 l  2l  0 l  2
even-numbered odd-numbered

Extended cyclic prefix slots slots

Antenna port 4
Δf=15kHz

68
LTE Physical Signal – UE Dedicated Reference Signal

R5 R5
 UE dedicated reference
R5 R5
signal
R5
 Only applicable to frame R5 R5
structure Type 2 R5 R5
 Support the single R5 R5
R5
antenna transmission of
R5 R5
R5 R5
PDSCH
R5
 Use antenna port No. 5 R5 R5
 Utilization method is l 0 l 6 l 0 l 6 R5 R5
allocated by the high even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots R5
layer Antenna port 5
R5 R5
l0 l  5l  0 l 5
even-numbered slots odd-numbered slots
Regular CP 15 kHz
Antenna port 5

Extended CP,15 kHz

69
LTE Physical Signal – Downlink Synchronization Signal

 There are 504 cell IDs on the physical layer, and there are 168 cell ID groups (3 ID in
each group) on the physical layer.
 Generation of main synchronization signal sequence
 The main synchronization signal in a cell is chosen from 3 different
sequences.
 The 3 sequences and the 3 physical layer cell ID under the same physical
layer cell ID group have the one-to-one mapping relationship.
 Generated by frequency domain Zadoff-Chu sequence.
 Generation of auxiliary synchronization signal sequence
 Two binary cross cascades with the length of 31 are generated.
 The binary sequence is obtained by cyclic shift of the M sequence with the
5 2
length of 31 generated by x  x  1
 The sequence of cascade is scrambled by the scrambling sequence given by
the main synchronization signal.

70
LTE Physical Signal – Downlink Synchronization Signal
Slot 0 / Slot 10 Slot 1 / Slot 11
Slot 0 / Slot 10 Slot 1 / Slot 11 DwPTS

FS1,regular CP

FS2,regular CP

Nc subcarriers
Main 主同步信号
synchronization
Nc subcarriers

Aux. synchronization
辅同步信号

72 subcarriers
signal
72 subcarriers

signal

Aux. synchronization
辅同步信号
signal
Main synchronization
主同步信号
signal

数据区域
Data area
控制区域
Control area
Data area
数据区域
Control
控制区域 area
 Main synchronization signal is sent at DwPTS
 Main synchronization signal is sent only in time slot 0 and slot
domain. 10.
 Auxiliary synchronization signal is sent at the  Auxiliary synchronization signal is sent only in time slot 0 and
final OFDM symbol of subframe 0. slot 10.

71
LTE Physical Signal – PUSCH Demodulation Reference
Signal
One Slot
 PUSCH demodulation reference signal is used
for obtaining the channel estimation matrix
 Generated using Zad-off Chu sequence,
then mapped onto the resource element
directly, and no processing of codes is
required.

used by PUSCH
PUSCH使用的子载波
 Occupy the fourth SC-FDMA symbol in Regular CP
each slot, and its frequency domain is
consistent with that occupied by PUSCH;

Subcarriers
it is consecutive on frequency domain.
 Different users are distinguished by
different circulatory shift values of
reference signal sequence.
 PUCCH demodulation reference signal is
used for obtaining the channel estimate
matrix, and it is basically consistent with
PUSCH demodulation reference signal. 参考信号
Reference signal 数据部分
Data part

72
LTE Physical Signal – Sounding Reference Signal
 Sounding reference signal is transmitted independently for the estimation of uplink channels
and channel selection, helping calculate CINR of uplink channel for uplink channel
scheduling.
 For TDD, the channel symmetry is used to obtain the downlink channel quality relevant
information
 The UE recognizes which subframe has SRS from the broadcasting information. The final
SC-FDMA symbol of subframe allocated with SRS must be reserved for SRS, and it
cannot be used for the transmission of PUSCH.
 Symbol position: the final SC-FDMA symbol located in uplink subframe allocated with SRS;
for UpPTS, all symbols of it can be used for transmitting SRS.
 SRS sub-frame configuration: UE obtains which subframe has SRS via the broadcasting
information. The final SC-FDMA symbol of subframe allocated with SRS must be reserved for
SRS, and it can not be used for the transmission of PUSCH.
 Sub-frame offset: UE obtains the specific position of subframe where SRS is located through
RRC signaling.
 Duration: The UE determines whether the transmission duration is once-for-all or unlimited
through RRC signaling
 Period: UE determines know its transmission period in a duration through RRC signaling,
supporting 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160ms

73
LTE Physical Channel and Signal- Overall Mapping of Physical Resources

The mapping positions of main and auxiliary synchronization signal, pilot signal, and
broadcasting information are fixed. Generally, the previous information is mapped at first;
the HARQ indication information position is mapped according to HARQ indication
information position specified in broadcasting information; then the control information is
mapped on other RE in corresponding control symbol; finally the service information is
mapped onto the remaining REs.
(1) Determine the system parameters;
(2) Physical resource mapping of reference symbols;
(3) Physical resource mapping of the synchronization signal;
(4) Physical resource mapping of PBCH symbols;
(5) Physical resource mapping of PCFICH symbols;
(6) Physical resource mapping of PHICH symbol;
(7) Physical resource mapping of PDCCH symbols;
(8) Physical resource mapping of PDSCH(PMCH) symbols.

74
LTE Physical Channel and Signal-
Mapping Examples of Physical Resources
20M transmission bandwidth 20M transmission bandwidth
Normal CP Extended CP
When mapping 4 antenna ports, When mapping 4 antenna ports,
resource allocation of TTI for each resource allocation of TTI for each
antenna port #0 antenna port #0
20M传输带宽 20M传输带宽
Normal CP Extended CP
映射4天线口时 映射4天线口时
每天线口#0 TTI的资源分配 每天线口#0 TTI的资源分配

Slot #0
 Slot #1 Slot #0  Slot #1

l=5
6

l=4
5
时隙#0 时隙#1 时隙#0 时隙#1

l=

l=
业务信号（PDSCH）
参考信号（RS）
主同步信号（P-SCH）
RB #53 RB #53
辅同步信号（S-SCH）
广播信号（PBCH）
控制信号（PDCCH、
PCFICH、PHICH） k = 635 k = 635

S P k = 630 S P k = 630
For 20M transmission bandwidth, each
RB #52 S P RB #52 S P
20M传输带宽时 S P S P
downlink slot corresponds with 100 S P
下行每时隙对应100个资源块：
resource blocks:
S
S
P
P S P

RB number from #0 RB编号自#0至#99

to #99 S P S P
S P S P
下行每OFDM符号对应1200个子载波：
Each downlink OFDM symbol
corresponds with k编号自#0至#1199
1200 subcarriers:
k number from #0 to 1199
S P S P
S P S P
S P S P

For normal CP, eachNormal CP时 slot

downlink S P S P
S P S P
corresponds下行每时隙对应7个OFDM符号
with 7 OFDM S P S P
RB #48 S P RB #48 S P
1子帧14个OFDM符号：
symbols, and 1 subframe 14 S P S P

OFDM symbols: l编号自#0至#13 S

S
P
P
S
S
P
P
l number from #0 Extended
to #13 CP时 S P S P
S P S P
下行每时隙对应6个OFDM符号 S P S P
For extended 1子帧12个OFDM符号：
CP, each downlink S P S P

slot corresponds with 6 OFDM

l编号自#0至#11
S
S
P
P
S
S
P
P
symbols, and 1 subframe 12 S P S P
S P RB #47 S P
OFDM symbols: l number from #0 RB #47 S P k = 569 S P k = 569
to #11.
(From o) (From o)
(From o) k = 564
k = 564
（首编号0） （首编号0）

(From RB
o) #46
（首编号0） (From
RB #46 o)
（首编号0）

75
 Part II LTE Basics

 Chapter I LTE Protocol Structure

 Section I LTE Network Interface Protocol
 Section II LTE Protocol Stack Architecture

 Chapter II Introduction to LTE Principles

 Section I LTE Radio Frame Structure
 Section II LTE Physical Resource Allocation
 Section III LTE Physical Channel And Signal
 Section IV LTE Physical Layer Process

76
LTE Physical Layer Process - Synchronization

Initial uplink synchronization: Uplink synchronization holdover:

 The UE sends preamble codes in  The eNodeB can generate the uplink
random access channel. time control command word according to
 The eNodeB will provide the adjustment the estimated receiving time of uplink

information back to UE according to signals.

arrival position of preamble code.  For the time control command word
 The UE carries out subsequent received by UE at subframe n, the UE

transmission time adjustment according adjusts the transmission time advance at

to the information. n+x subframe according to the value.

Initial downlink synchronization: Downlink synchronization holdover:

 Initial downlink synchronization is the  After the cell searching succeeds, the UE
cell searching process. The UE detects measures the arrival time of downlink
the main and auxiliary synchronization signal and adjusts downlink
signal in the cell to realize time synchronization based on the value to
synchronization with the cell. keep the time synchronization with eNB.

77
LTE Physical Layer Process - Synchronization

Receiving
接收数据
data

Whether to create initial No Cell

否 searching, obtaining time-
小区搜索，获得和小区的
是否和小区建立初始同步
synchronization frequency synchronization with
with the cell? the cell 时频同步

是
Yes

Synchronization tracing and

正常通信过程中周期性地
compensation based on
进行同步跟踪和补偿
periodicity during the normal
communication process

Can it realize normal synchronization

No
否
能否可以正常同步跟踪
tracing

是
Yes

78
LTE Physical Layer Process – Cell Searching

(2)
 Search PSCH, determine 5 ms timing, and obtain cell 5ms timing, obtainN ID
ID
 Demodulate SSCH, obtain 10 ms timing, and obtain
cell ID group (1)
10ms timing, obtain N ID
 Detect the downlink reference signal and obtain
antenna configuration of BCH
 The UE can read the system information of PBCH
cell (1) (2)
such as PCH configuration, RACH configuration, and CalculateN ID  3N ID  N ID
the list of neighbor cells
 SCH structure is based on the 1.25 MHz fixed
bandwidth. The cell information required by UE is: Read MIB
total transmission bandwidth of cell, cell ID, cell
antenna configuration, CP length configuration, BCH
bandwidth.
Read SIB

Cell searching indicates that the UE accesses the network, providing basis of services for users.

79
LTE Physical Layer Process –Random Access
UE eNB
 Objective of random access process
 UE obtains time synchronization
though access process, ensuring 1 Msg1: preamble on
data transmission within system PRACH
receiving window; and UE mark is
obtained. min delay
 System carries out admission control 2ms

Msg2: RA response on PDCCH and

 Radom process 2
 Send RACH preamble through PDSCH

PRACH
 UE monitors PDCCH to obtain Delay about
relevant uplink and downlink resource 5ms
allocation; Msg3: connection requirement, ect
 Obtain random access response from 3
relevant PDSCH, including uplink
authorization, timing information, and Delay
C-RNTI Based on eNB
 The UE transmits connection request Msg4: contention resolution
from PUSCH 4
 The eNB transmits collision detection
from PDSCH
 Related channels
 PRACH
 PDCCH
 PDSCH 80
Outline

 Part I LTE, Past and Present

 Part II LTE Basics

 Part III LTE Key Technologies

Part III LTE Transmission Technology

 Chapter I Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Evolution of Key Technologies
 Section II Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Chapter II LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Multiple Access Technique
 Section II Multi-Antenna Technique
 Section III AMC Link Adaptation
 Section IV HARQ
 Section V Channel Scheduling And Fast Scheduling
 Section VI Inter-Cell Interference Elimination

82
Evolution of Key Technologies

1G 2G 3G LTE
(FDMA) (mainly TDMA) (CDMA) (OFDM+MIMO+IP)

Main enhanced technologies of LTE: OFDM and MIMO

83
Part III LTE Transmission Technology

 Chapter I Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Evolution of Key Technologies
 Section II Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Chapter II LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Multiple Access Technique
 Section II Multi-Antenna Technique
 Section III AMC Link Adaptation
 Section IV HARQ
 Section V Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
 Section VI Inter-Cell Interference Elimination

84
Overview of LTE Key Technologies
3 4

 Multiple access technique

 Multi-antenna technique
 Link adaptation technique
 HARQ
AMC adaptation coding HARQ technique
modulation technique  Channel scheduling and fast

5 6
scheduling
 Inter-cell interference
elimination

Fast modulation technique Inter-cell interference

elimination

85
Part III LTE Transmission Technology
 Chapter I Overview of LTE Key Technologies
 Section I Evolution of Key technologies
 Section II Overview of LTE Key technologies

 Chapter II LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Multiple Access Technique
 Section II Multi-Antenna Technique
 Section III AMC Link Adaptation
 Section IV HARQ
 Section V Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
 Section VI Inter-Cell Interference Elimination

86
Overview of Multiple Access Mode
 LTE adopts OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) as the downlink
multiple access mode.

频域domain ..
Frequency
.
子载 Subcarrier 时域 Time domain
信道编码/ QAM调制 mapping ..
串->并Serial..-
Channel QAM modulation
coding/interleav
波映 . IFFT 加CP Add CP
交织/加扰
ing/scrambling （QPSK/16QAM/64QAM） Parallel. 射

OFDM调制 modulation

 LTE adopts DFT-S-OFDM (OFDM: Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM) or SC-
FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA) as the uplink multiple access mode.

频域
时域 Frequency domain
Time domain
子载 ..
信道编码/ QAM调制
DFT .. . Subcarrier 时域
Channel
交织/加扰coding/interleaving/
QAM modulation
（QPSK/16QAM/64QAM） . 波映 IFFT
.. mapping
加CP
Add CP
Time domain

scrambling 射 .

DFT-SOFDM调制
modulation

87
OFDM

 The subcarriers of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation can

be overlapped with each other and can ensure the quadrature among subcarriers
compared with conventional multi-carrier modulation (MCM).

 The fundamentals of OFDM is to divide the high speed data flow into N parallel low
speed data flows for transmission on N subcarriers at the same time. The data symbols
transmitted on N subcarriers at the same time form an OFDM symbol.

88
OFDM – Basics
 The principle of OFDM is to divide the high speed data flow into N parallel low
speed data flows for transmission on N subcarriers at the same time. The data
symbols synchronously transmitted on N subcarriers form an OFDM symbol.

5 Bandwidth
M H z B a n d w id th
FFT
S u b -c a rr ie rs

G u a rd In te rv a ls

S y m b o ls
…
F requency

…
T im e

89
OFDM - FFT Realization

Nc 1
xn  xnTs    k
a e j 2kfnTs

k 0
Nc 1
 a e
k 0
k
j 2kn / N
IDFT
OFDM modulation
N 1
  a'k e j 2kn / N
k 0
IFFT
a 0  k  Nc
a 'k   k
0 Nc  k  N

OFDM demodulation
90
OFDM - CP
 Complete quadrature is required among subcarriers, and the
Integral interval
transmission and reception of subcarriers are completely
Main path signal
synchronous.
 Precise co-frequency and synchronization are required for the
transmitter and receiver
 Multi-path effect will cause interference between symbols and
between carriers— there is no integral number of periods at
Multi-path signal
integral interval
 Guard Interval and cyclic prefix

Interference caused by idle guard interval between OFDM symbol with cyclic prefix
subcarriers under the multi-path condition
91
OFDM – Main Parameters

 Sampling frequency (Fs) sr

ei 0
rr
 Sampling period (Ts)
ac Fs
- f 
b
u
s N FFT
 FFT point number NFFT
 Subcarrier interval (△f)
 Available symbol time Tu n
QAM symbol on
sub-carrier n

 Cyclic prefix time (Tcp)

 OFDM symbol time TOFDM
1 Tcp Tu
 Available subcarrier number Nc Nc-1 f 
Tu TOFDM
TOFDM
Frequency domain Time domain description
(a)频域描述 (b)时域描述
description

Key parameters: △f , Tcp and Nc

The sampling frequency and the number of FFT points are related to realization

92
OFDM – Main Parameters of OFDMA
 Subcarrier interval
 15 kHz, for unicast and MBSFN transmission
 7.5 kHz, only for MBSFN transmission of independent carrier
 Number of subcarriers

Channel bandwidth(MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Number of subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

 Length of cyclic prefix

Configuration Length of cyclic prefix
 For different OFDM symbols in
Regular
a timeslot, CP
the lengths of cyclic
prefixes differ. Extended CP

In the LTE system, use the sampling period of NFFT=2048 to define the basic time unit:Ts = 1/Fs =
1/(15000x2048)s.

93
OFDM – Advantages & Disadvantages of OFDMA

Advantages of the OFDM system:

 The quadrature modulation and demodulation on various subchannels can be realized using IDFT
and DFT easily with a small amount of computation.
 The OFDM system can realize the asymmetrical transmission in both the uplink and downlink by
using different quantities of subchannels.
 All subchannels will not be in the deep frequency selective fading, and they can distribute the
subchannels of high signal-noise ratio through dynamic subchannels to improve system
performance.
Disadvantages of the OFDM system:
 Sensitive to frequency deviation: The frequency shift occurred in the process of transmission, such
as Doppler shift, or the frequency deviation between transmitter carrier frequency and receiver local
oscillator, will cause the orthogonal failure between subcarriers.
 High PARA: The output of OFDM modulation is the overlapping of many subchannels; if many signal
phases are consistent, the instantaneous power of superposed signal will be far greater than the
average power of signal, causing high PARA. This puts forward higher requirements for the linearity
of transmitter PA.
94
OFDM – Principle of DFT-S-OFDM Technology

 The uplink in LTE system adopts the SC-FDMA technique to reduce PAPR, and
power efficiency is improved by the DFT-S-OFDM technique.
 The DFT-S-OFDM can be regarded as the frequency domain generation mode of
SC-FDMA, and it is precoded on the basis of Fourier transform before the IFFT
modulation of OFDM.
 The difference between DFT-S-OFDM and OFDM is: OFDM modulates the symbol
information on the orthogonal subcarriers, while DFTS-OFDM modulates the
spectrum information of M input symbols on many orthogonal subcarriers.
 The essence of single carrier is that one constellation point symbol is distributed on
all frequencies assigned to it.
 The PAPR of a single carrier may not necessarily be small, but in most cases, the
PAPR of a single carrier is small.
 If the signal after DFT is not evenly spaced or distributed on the assigned subcarriers
in a centralized way but it is also the single carrier, the PAPR is relatively big.

95
OFDM - Principle of DFT-S-OFDM Technology
SC-FDMA

OFDM

SC-FDMA uses DFT

transform to replace S/P
transform of OFDM, so as to
reduce the effect of PAPR

 Complete the modulation process of DFTS-OFDM taking the data symbol block with the length
of M as a unit.
 Obtain the frequency sequence whose length is M corresponding to the discreet sequence of
the same length through the DFT discreet Fourier transform at first.
 The output signal of DFT is sent to the discreet IDFT of N point, wherein N>M. IDFT is longer
than DFT, and the longer part of IDFT is input and compensated with 0.
 After IDFT, add the cyclic prefix for the group of data to avoid symbol interference.

96
OFDM – Uplink SC-FDMA Multiple Access Mode

Centralized and distributed frequency division multiple

access based on DFTS-OFDM

 SC-FDMA multiple access mode can be easily realized with the characteristics of DFTS-OFDM.
 By changing the correspondence relationship from DFT output terminal to IDFT input terminal of users, the
spectrum of input data symbols can be moved to different positions so as to realize multi-user multiple access.

97
OFDM — DFTS-OFDM Key Parameters

 Subcarrier interval
• 15 kHz
 Number of subcarriers

Channel bandwidth(MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20

Number of subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

 Length of cyclic prefixes

• In one timeslot,
the lengths of cyclic prefixes of DFTS-OFDM symbols are different.

Length of cyclic prefix

Configuration

Regular

Extended

98
Comparison Between OFDMA and SC-FDMA

99
Part III LTE Transmission Technology
 Chapter I Overview of LTE Key Technologies
 Section I Evolution of Key Technologies
 Section II Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Chapter II LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Multiple Access Technique
 Section II Multi-Antenna Technique
 Section III AMC Link Adaptation
 Section IV HARQ
 Section V Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
 Section VI Inter-Cell Interference Elimination

100
Multi-Antenna

Capacity
Channel
UL multi-antenna technology
 UL Transmit Antenna
(Time Switched Transmit Diversity
, shorted for TSTD) SNR
 MU-MIMO
 DL multi-antenna technology
 Transmit Diversity :SFBC, SFBC+FSTD, Closed-loop Rank1 pre-
coding
 Spatial Multiplexing:Open-loop Spatial Multiplexing, Closed-
loop Spatial Multiplexing, MU-MIMO
 Beamforming
 Classification
 MIMO
 SISO
 SIMO
 MISO
LTE basic configuration is DL 2*2 and UL
1*2, and 4*4 is the max.
101
Multi-Antenna Technology
SU-MIMO: Space Division Multiplexing MU-MIMO combining SDM
Two data streams transmitted to the UE Two data streams
through one TTI transmitted to each UE

eNode B eNode B

UE UE
UE

SU-MIMO: Transmit Diversity

Only one data stream transmitted to the UE MU-MIMO combining
transmit diversity
One data stream
transmitted to each UE
MU-MIMO is supported in the UL

The 1x2 or 1x4 mode is currently supported

eNode B eNode B
The 2x2 or 4x4 mode will be supported in the
UE UE
future UE

102
LTE Downlink MIMO Mode
 LTE defines seven downlink MIMO transmit modes.

Compatible with single

1 Single antenna port,port 0
emission antennas

2 Transmit diversity Enhance transmit reliability

and improve noise ratio
3 Open-loop space division multiplexing

Improve the user peak value rate

4 Closed-loop space division multiplexing

5 Multi-user MIMO Increase the cell throughput

6 Closed-loop Rank =1 pre-coding

Enhance cell coverage
7 Single antenna port,port 5

103
Multi-Antenna Technology-Transmit Diversity
 ST/FBC

STBC
Encoder

k+1 k

Sub-carrier
STBC
TX1 S1 S2
SFBC
In the LTE system, the transmit diversity technology,
where transmission is carried out over two antenna ports,
TX2  S 2* S1*
is defined as space frequency block code
(SFBC).

104
Multi-Antenna Technology—Transmit Diversity
 TSTD
Sub-carrier

Antenna 1

TSTD

time

Antenna 2

The antenna alternative technology in the LTE system is a special case of TSTD.

105
Multi-Antenna Technology—Transmit Diversity
 FSTD
Sub-carrier

Antenna 1

FSTD

time

Antenna 2

FSTD is applied with

other transmit diversity technologies in the LTE system.

106
Multi-Antenna Technology—Transmit Diversity
 SFBC+FSTD

k+3 k+2 k+1 k

Sub-carrier
TX1 S1 S2 0 0
TX2 0 0 S3 S4
TX3  S 2* S1* 0 0
TX4 0 0  S 4* S3*

SFBC and FSTD are combined in LTE

when the transmission is executed over 4 antenna ports.

107
Multi-Antenna Technology—Spatial Multiplexing
 The basic point of MIMO is that the user data is sent by multiple transmit antennas simultaneously within a
defined bandwidth, after decomposing it into multiple parallel data streams. Then, it is received by multiple
receive antennas through the radio channel, and restored after the spatial signature of every parallel data
stream is demodulated with demodulation technology.

108
Multi-Antenna Technology—Spatial Multiplexing
Multi-code character transmission
 Multi-code character transmission: Data streams that are multiplexed on multiple
antennas can be individually channel coded and modulated.
 Single-code character transmission: One data stream is multiplexed on multiple
antennas, after being channel coded and modulated.
 To reduce the amount of feedback, LTE supports 2 code characters at most.

Single-code character Multi-code character

109
Multi-Antenna Technology—Spatial Multiplexing
 DL MU-MIMO: Multiple data streams are transmitted to multiple user terminals.
Multiple user terminals and eNB compose the Downstream MU-MIMO system.
 DL MU-MIMO can separately transmit data streams to different users through
elimination at the receivers.
 DL MU-MIMO can separate data streams of different users in advance using
beamforming at the transmitters, so as to simplify the operation on receivers.
 SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO are supported at the same time by LTE in the downlink.

SU-MIMO MU-MIMO
110
Multi-Antenna Technology—MU-MIMO
 UL MU-MIMO: Different users use the same time-frequency resource to
transmit data up to the base station (single-antenna transmission ). At the
receivers, the data streams can be assumed as different antennas of one
user terminal, forming a virtual MIMO system.
 Only MU-MIMO is supported by LTE in the uplink.

SU-MIMO MU-MIMO

111
Multi-Antenna Technology—Beamforming
 Beamforming requires antenna arrays with close spacing and
adequate amount of antenna units.

 Beamforming is a beam pointing to the user direction, achieved with

a weighted single data stream so as to concentrate more power in
the user direction.

 Beamforming can make full use of the signal channel symmetry of

Wanted UE
the TTD system.

 DOA
Interfering UE
 SVD

112
Multi-Antenna Technology—How to Achieve it?
 Mostly on the downlink: Although UL supports MU-MIMO. From the
individual UE’s perspective, this technology is similar to the single-
antenna transmission .
 The general work process is as follows:
Code words Layers Antenna Ports Antennas

a b c d

Layer Antenna Port

Pre-coding
Mapper Mapper

Different Meanings of Layers:

When adopting single-antenna transmission , transmission diversity or beamforming, the

number of layers equals to the number of antenna ports; when adopting Spatial
Multiplexing transmission , the number of layers equals to the number of the space
channel Ranks. That’s the actual amount of transmitted data streams.

113
Part III LTE Transmission Technology
 Chapter I Overview of LTE Key Technologies
 Section I Evolution of Key Technologies
 Section II Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Chapter II LTE Key Technology

 Section I Multiple Access Technique
 Section II Multi-Antenna Technique
 Section III AMC Link Adaptation
 Section IV HARQ
 Section V Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
 Section VI Inter-Cell Interference Elimination

114
Link Adaptation

 The link adaption technology can be achieved in two ways: power

control and rate control
 Generally speaking, link adaption indicates rate control. In LTE, it is
adaptive modulation and coding. Applying AMC can help eNodeB
adjust different modulation modes (QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM) and
coding rates, according to the feedback about the channel status
from the UE. This is a relatively good link adaption technology.
 As to the packet data of long delay, AMC can increase the system
capacity without increasing interference to neighboring cells.

115
Link Adaptation—Power Control
 Dynamically adjust the transmission power and keep a certain noise
ratio at the receiver so as to guarantee the transmission quality on the
link.

 When the channel condition is poor, transmission power increase is

needed; when the channel condition is good, transmission power
decrease is needed. This ensures a constant transmission rate.

Power control prevents the interference between users in a cell.

116
Link Adaption—Rate Control (AMC)
SINR

Adaptive Modulation Adaptive Coding

mode efficiency UE 3
UE 2

UE 1
Make good use of channel condition to
transmit user data efficiently Time
TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI k TTI m
In good condition: transmit user data at high rate SINR

In poor condition: transmit user data at low rate

UE 3
UE 2
 Time Domain AMC
 Frequency Domain AMC UE 1
 Space Domain AMC
SubBand 1 SubBand 2 SubBand 3 SubBand k SubBand m Frequency

The combination of modulation mode and coding mode makes AMC more efficient and flexible.

117
Link Adaption—Rate Control (AMC)
 In the case of constant transmission power, guarantee the
transmission quality by adjusting modulation mode and coding
rate of the radio link.

 In the poor channel condition, use lesser modulation mode

and lower coding rate; in good channel condition, use larger
modulation mode to maximize the transmission rate.

Rate control can make best use of the power.

118
LTE Link Adaption—UL and DL
 LTE UL adaption CQI index modulation coding rate x 1024 efficiency
determines the specific 0 out of range
modulation and coding 1 QPSK 78 0.1523
modes based on the 2 QPSK 120 0.2344
channel quality 3 QPSK 193 0.3770
measured by the BS. 4 QPSK 308 0.6016
 LTE DL adaption is based 5 QPSK 449 0.8770
on the CQI fed back from 6 QPSK 602 1.1758
the UE, adopting the 7 16QAM 378 1.4766
modulation and coding 8 16QAM 490 1.9141
modes in the preset CQI 9 16QAM 616 2.4063
table, as shown in the 10 64QAM 466 2.7305
table on the right. 11 64QAM 567 3.3223
12 64QAM 666 3.9023
13 64QAM 772 4.5234
14 64QAM 873 5.1152
15 64QAM 948 5.5547

119
Part III LTE Transmission Technology
 Chapter I Overview of LTE Key Technologies
 Section I Evolution of Key Technologies
 Section II Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Chapter II LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Multiple Access Technique
 Section II Multi-Antenna Technique
 Section III AMC Link Adaptation
 Section IV HARQ
 Section V Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
 Section VI Inter-Cell Interference Elimination

120
HARQ
 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) combines Forward Error Correction (FEC)
and Repeat Request (ARQ). HARQ, working with AMC, provides flexible accurate
rate adjustment for the LTE HARQ process.
 LTE HARQ adopts Incremental Redundancy (IR) HARQ, transmitting the signal bits
and some redundant bits for the first time, and then retransmitting extra redundant
bits. If decoding the first transmitted signals fails, retransmitting more redundant
bits, which can reduce channel coding rate so as to increase the success ratio of
decoding . If decoding still fails after the retransmitting of redundant bits, repeat the
retransmission. As a result of repetitive retransmission, redundant bits increases,
and the channel coding ratio is reduced. Thus, a better decoding effect is achieved.
 HARQ retransmits signals based on each transmission (TB).

121
HARQ
 ARQ sends an error-checking code from the transmitters, and then sends an ACK or
NACK message to the transmitters in the feedback channel after judgment of the
decoding results at the receivers.
 FEC sends an error correction code from transmitters, and then receivers decode
the code according to the rules of error correction. Errors can be corrected at a
certain extent.
 HARQ combines ARQ and FEC, adds some redundancy when coding, and sends
error correction code.

FEC Error Correction &

FEC Coding Detection
Forward
Channel

If receive ACK, then send the

next code group; Receive code group without
If receive NACK, error, and feedback ACK,
so re-send the original code Feedback otherwise feedback NACK.
group. Channel

122
HARQ——Timing Relation
 ACK/NACK Timing: As to subframe index n, its ACK/NACK is
transmitted in subframe n+k; as to FDD, k=4; as to TDD, k>3.
ACK/NACK  PDSCH
TDD UL/DL UL subframe index n TDD DL subframe index n
Configurati 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UL/DL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
on Configu
ration 0

0 4 7 6 4 7 6
1 4 6 4 6 0 4 6 - - - 4 6 - - -
2 6 6 1 7 6 - - 4 7 6 - - 4
3 6 6 6 2 7 6 - 4 8 7 6 - 4 8
4 6 6 3 4 11 - - - 7 6 6 5 5
5 6 4 12 11 - - 8 7 7 6 5 4
6
ACK/NACK46PUSCH
6 4 7 5 12 11 - 9 8 7 6 5 4 13
6 7 7 - - - 7 7 - - 5

123
HARQ——RTT and Process Number
 As to TDD, the length of its Round Trip Time (RTT) is related
not only to transmission delay, receiving time and processing
time, but also related to the timeslot ratio in TDD and the
position of the subframe in transmission.
 Process Number in TDD:

Configuration DL/UL allocation Process number Process number

(UL) (DL)
0 1DL+DwPTS : 3UL 7 4
1 2DL+DwPTS : 2UL 4 7
2 3DL+DwPTS : 1UL 2 10
3 6DL+DwPTS : 3UL 3 9
4 7DL+DwPTS : 2UL 2 12
5 8DL+DwPTS : 1UL 1 15
6 3DL+2DwPT : 5UL 6 6

124
HARQ——Timing Relation
 Time between transmission and retransmission: Synchronous HARQ Protocol; Asynchronous HARQ Protocol
 LTE in the UL adopts the Synchronous HARQ Protocol: If retransmission is processed at the preset time,
receivers do not need to signal the process number. This is called Synchronous HARQ Protocol.
 Locate the transmission subframe of PUSCH, according to the transmission subframe position of PHICH.
 The same with the PDCCHPUSCH timing relation
 LTE in the DL adopts the Asynchronous HARQ Protocol: If retransmission is processed at any available time after
the last transmission, receivers need to explicitly signal the process number. This is called Asynchronous HARQ
Protocol.

125
HARQ——Adaptive /Non-adaptive HARQ
 Adaptive HARQ: Retransmission can change some or all the properties of the
first transmission, such as modulation mode and resource allocation. Extra
signaling is needed for these changes.

 Non-Adaptive HARQ: The properties changed by retransmission are

negotiated by the transmitter and receivers, requiring no extra signaling.

 LTE in the DL adopts Adaptive HARQ

 LTE in the UL supports Adaptive and Non-adaptive HARQ simultaneously.

 Non-adaptive HARQ is triggered only by the NACK message over PHICH

channel.

 Adaptive HARQ is achieved by PDCCH Scheduling. When the BS finds a

receiving output error, no NACK message is reported, and the scheduler
schedules the properties used by retransmission.

126
HARQ——HARQ and Soft Combining
 In simplex HARQ mechanism, received error data packets are discarded.

 HARQ and Soft Combining: The received error data packets are saved in
the storage, decoded with the retransmitted data packets together so that
the transmission efficiency is improved.

 Two ways to achieve HARQ : a) Retransmitted data is the same as the first
transmitted data, this way is called Chase Combine or Soft Combining. b)
Retransmitted data is different from the initially transmitted data, it is
called Incremental Redundancy (IR), which contains PIR (Partial
Incremental Redundancy) and FIR (Full Incremental Redundancy). PIR
indicates that the retransmitted check bit is different from that in the first
transmission, but the system bit remains constant. Besides, the
retransmitted data can self-decode. FIR transmits check bit first, and the
system bit is incomplete. Thus, the retransmitted data cannot self-decode.

127
HARQ——HARQ and Soft Combining

CC Combining LTE supports HARQ using

IR . CC Combining can be
taken as an exception of
IR Combining.

IR Combining

128
Part III LTE Transmission Technology
 Chapter I Overview of LTE Key Technologies
 Section I Evolution of Key Technologies
 Section II Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Chapter II LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Multiple Access Technique
 Section II Multi-Antenna Technique
 Section III AMC Link Adaptation
 Section IV HARQ
 Section V Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
 Section VI Inter-Cell Interference Elimination

129
Channel Scheduling
 Basic theory
 For a certain resource block, schedule the users at its best channel
transmission condition, so as to maximize the system throughput.

Multi-user diversity

130
Channel Scheduling
 LTE system supports channel scheduling in the frequency domain.

 Compared with single carrier wave CDMA system, the LTE system features
to perform channel scheduling and rate control in the frequency domain.

DL: based on public reference signal

UL: based on detected reference
signal

131
Fast Scheduling

 Fast Scheduling is Grouping Scheduling. The basic aim is to serve fast.

Scheduling rules
 Fair Round Robin (RR)
 Maximum C/I (Max C/I)
 Partial Round Robin (PF)

 Scheduling methods: TDM,FDM,SDM

132
Fast Scheduling

Each user, served in order, gets the same

Time-based RR allocated time in average. Owing to different
environments of users, their flows differ.

Despite the environment difference, every user

Flow-based RR is ensured to get the same flow in a certain
order.

The system traces the fading characteristics of

the radio channel for each user. It gives priority
to each user and ensures the users who are
Max C/I served at the same time to get the max C/I,
according to the size order of the radio channel.

This method integrates the scheduling modes

above, considers the satisfaction of most
PF users, and ensures a relative high throughput.
It is a practical scheduling mode.

133
Part III LTE Transmission Technology
 Chapter I Overview of LTE Key Technologies
 Section I Evolution of Key Technologies
 Section II Overview of LTE Key Technologies

 Chapter II LTE Key Technologies

 Section I Multiple Access Technique
 Section II Multi-Antenna Technique
 Section III AMC Link Adaptation
 Section IV HARQ
 Section V Channel Scheduling and Fast Scheduling
 Section VI Inter-Cell Interference Elimination

134
Elimination of Interference Between Cells

Ways of eliminating interference:

1. Scrambling
2. Frequency hopping transmission
3. Beamforming at the transmitters and IRC
4. Interference coordination between cells
5. Power control

135
Elimination of Interference Between Cells-Scrambling
 The LTE system takes full advantage of order randomization so as to prevent interference
between cells.
 Generally, scrambling is performed after channel coding and before data modulating.
That is bit level scrambling.
 PDSCH,PUCCH format 2/2a/2b, PUSCH: Scrambling sequence is related to UE ID, cell
ID and the initial position of the timeslot.
 PMCH: The scrambling sequence is related to MBSFN ID and the initial position of
the timeslot.
 PBCH,PCFICH,PDCCH: The scrambling sequence is related to cell ID and the initial
position of the timeslot.
 Scrambling PHICH physical channel is performed after modulation, and during the
sequence expanding.
 The sequence
User A of scrambling codes is related to cell ID and the initial position of the
timeslot.
Turbo Coding Interleaver

Scrambling A

136
Elimination of Interference Between Cells-Frequency
Hopping Transmission

 Currently, LTE supports frequency hopping transmission both in UL and DL

so as to randomize the interference between cells.
 Except PBCH, the resource mapping of other DL physical control channel
is related to cell ID.
 PDSCH, PUSCH and PUCCH adopt frequency hopping transmission
within the subframe.
 PUSCH can adopt the frequency hopping transmission between
subframes.

137
Elimination of Interference Between Cells—Beam
forming at the Transmitters

 Enhance the signal intensity for expected users.

 Reduce signal interference to other users.
 When you determine the position of interfered users using
beamforming, it can reduce the radiant energy in that direction.

Expected users

Interfered expected users

138
Elimination of Interference Between Cells— IRC

 If there are multiple antennas at the receivers, use these multiple

antennas to reduce the interference between users. The primary
principle is to restrain the strong interference by weighting the received
signals. This is called interference rejection combining (IRC).

Uplink
Downlink

139
Elimination of Interference Between Cells-Inter-Cell
Interference Coordination (ICIC)
Basic principle: Restrict the resource usage by inter-cell coordination,
including specifying which time frequency resources to use or specifying the
transmission power at certain time frequency.
 Static interference coordination between cells
 Semi-static interference coordination between cells
 Dynamic interference coordination between cells

ICIC is used to coordinate interference between neighboring cells to prevent or reduce

ICI. This coordination is actually realized by reusing cell frequency at the edge of the cell.
 Soft frequency reuse (SFR)
 Fractional frequency reuse (FFR)
In the uplink, ICIC is combined with scheduling and power control; in the downlink, ICIC
is combined with scheduling and users’ power allocation.

140
Elimination of Interference Between Cells-ICIC

 FFR divides the system frequency Power

resources into two reuse sets. One
frequency reuse factor is a frequency Sector 1 Edge Forbidden Forbidden Center
set of 1, applied to CCU scheduling ; the
other is a frequency collection greater Frequency
than 1, applied to CEU scheduling. Power
 As shown in the following figure,
 CCU and CEU can be distinguished with Sector 2Forbidden Edge Forbidden Center
the comparison of measured RSRP and
the preset threshold or the ratio of path Frequency
loss in the serving cell against the Power
interfering cell (using RRM algorithm).
 The flaw of FFR is that the frequency
resources at the cell edge are restricted, Sector 3
Forbidden Forbidden Edge Center

incapable of supporting a huge number

Frequency
of users and relatively high data rate.

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Elimination of Interference Between Cells-ICIC

 Compared with FFR, SFR partially

reduces the power rather than restrict Power
all the power usage at certain sub-
frequency. As to the downlink, the BS Sector 1 Edge
Center Center
can dynamically schedule the
frequency resource and power of Frequency
Power
central users and the users on the cell
edge, according to the allocated band Sector 2 Edge
and scheduling algorithm. Another Center Center

difference is that when using SFR, the Freqency

users in the central cell can use the Power

corresponding frequency resource

Edge
which is used by the users on cell Sector 3
Center Center
edge, as illustrated in the chart.
Frequency

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Elimination of Interference Between Cells-ICIC

 Currently, the indications of the semi-static and dynamic frequency reuse solutions in
LTE are HII and OI. HII can transmit RB information occupied by the users on the edge
to neighboring cells. OI can transmit the interference information of the uplink to the
neighboring cells. The cells receiving HII and OI use the information to dynamically
adjust the bandwidth for the users on the edge and control the power in the uplink.
 OI and HII information is transmitted between BSs through X2. The maximum delay is
at most 20 ms, and the typical average transmission delay is around 10 ms.
 OI: Indication on overloading of interference in the UL.
 Indicates the interference level of some bands interfered by neighboring cells.
 Indicates the interference that has occurred in the UL.
 Includes the interference from PRB0 to PRB109 in the cell. Each PRB 2bit
information is enumerated and graded as high, middle, and low levels.
 By monitoring the OI of neighboring cells, each cell can determine whether its UE
interferes its neighboring cells so as to adjust the power properly.
Elimination of Interference Between Cells-ICIC in the UL
 Algorithm definition of OI indication
 Preferred solution: OI indication considers Interference over Thermal
(IOT) and Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR). That is, each PRB 2bit information indicates the
interference level on the PRB and the global GBR matching status of CEU or CCU.
 Backup solution: OI indication considers only IOT factors. BS measures the IOT
grade of every PRB. Every PRB 2bit indicates three levels: low, middle, and high.
 HII strong interference indication in the UL
 Indicates the intended interference level on every PRB. Every PRB 1bit, "1" indicates
strong interference sensitivity, which means that the channel is occupied by users on
the edge, and the neighboring cells are susceptible to interference; "0" indicates
weak interference sensitivity, which means the channel is not occupied by users on
the edge, and the neighbor cells are exempt from interference.
 Indicates the intended interference in the UL.
 Usually applied in the situation with low load, interference can be prevented using
scheduling.
 By monitoring HII of neighboring cells, the local cell can determine which resource
blocks will produce strong interference from neighboring cells. When HII indication
produces in the local area, these resource blocks can be avoided, and the number
and positions of HII can be adjusted, considering the GBR matching status of CEU .
Elimination of Interference Between Cells-Power Control

Inter-Cell Power Control

 A way to control IoT in the local area by notifying its IoT information to other
cells.
Intra-Cell Power Control
 Compensates the path loss and shadow fading to save transmission power
and reduce interference to other cells. Keep the IoT at a certain level.
Intra- cell TPC Inter- cell TPC

Desired signal Interference to non -serving cell

Serving cell UE

TPC command Overload indicator Non- serving cell

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Power Control

 Perform power control on PUSCH, PUCCH and SRS in the uplink

 The power control command word for PUSCH is sent by its
scheduling signaling (DCI format 0), or multiplexed with the power
control command word of other users and set by DCI format 3/3A.
 The power control command word for PUCCH is sent by the
scheduling signaling (DCI format 1/1A/2) which schedules PDSCH
(corresponding to PUCCH) , or multiplexed with the power control
command word of other users and set by DCI format 3/3A.
 There is no exact power control command word for SRS. Using the
power control command word for PUSCH, and notifying the power
deviation from the high layer.

146