Chapter No-3

STEAM AND STEAM BOILER

Marks-20
C404.3-Demonstrate boilers and
determine steam properties by
using Mollier chart and steam
table.
 Steam and steam boiler
Generation of steam at constant pressure
Consider 1 kg of ice in a piston -cylinder arrangement as shown.
it is under an Absolute Pressure say P bar and at temperature
–t 0 C ( below the freezing point).
Keeping the pressure constant, the gradual heating of the ice
leads to note the following changes in it, These are represented
on a t-h diagram on heating, the temperature of the ice will
gradually rises from p to Q i.e from – t C till reaches the freezing
temperature 0.
• Adding more heat, the ice starts melting without changing in
the temperature till the entire ice is converted into water
from Q to R. The amount of heat during this period from Q to
R is called Latent heat of fusion of ice or simply Latent heat of
ice.
• Continuous heating raises the temperature to its boiling point
t C known as Saturation Temperature. The corresponding
pressure is called saturation pressure. it is the stage of
vaporization at 1.01325 bar atmospheric pressure (760mm of
hg at 100'C).
• As pressure increases, the value of saturation temperature
also increases. The amount of heat added during R to S is
called Sensible Heat or Enthalpy of Saturated Water or Total
Heat of Water (h, or h "' ).
• During the process, a slight increase in volume of water
(saturated water) may be noted. The resulting volume is
known as Specific volume of Saturated Water (Vf or vW).
• On further heating beyond S, the water will gradually starts
evaporate and starts convert it to steam, but the temperature
remains constant. As long as the steam is in contact with
water, it is called Wet Steam or Saturated Steam.
• (e) On further heating the temperature remains constant, but
the entire water converts to steam. But still it will be wet
steam. The total heat supplied from OOC is called Enthalpy of
Wet Steam (h wet). The resulting volume is known as Specific
Volume of Wet Steam (v wet)
• (f) On further heating the wet steam, the water particles,
which are in suspension, will start evaporating gradually and
at a particular moment the final particles just evaporates. The
steam at that moment corresponding to point T is called Dry
Steam or Dry Saturated Steam.
The resulting volume is known as Specific Volume of Dry
Steam (vg). This steam not obeys the gas laws. The amount of
heat added during S to T is called Latent Heat of Vaporization
of Steam or Latent Heat of Steam (hfg). During the process,
the saturation temperature remains constant.
• The total heat supplied from O'C is called Enthalpy of Dry
Steam (hg).
• (g) On further heating beyond point T to U the temperature
starts from ts to tu, the point of interest. This process is called
Super heating. The steam so obtained is called Super Heated
Steam
• The point a
represents the initial
condition of water at 0◦c
and pressure P (in bar )
as shown in fig.

Line ABCD shows the

relation between temp
and heat at a specific
pressure of p(in bar).
• During the formation
of the superheated
steam, from water at
freezing point , the
heat is absorbed in the
following three stages
• The heating of water
up to boiling
temperature or
saturation temperature
(t) is shown by ab in
fig.
 the heat absorbed by the
water is AP , known
as sensible heat or
liquid heat or total
heat of water.
2) The change of state
from liquid to steam
is shown by BC. The
heat absorbed during
this stage is PQ,
known as latent heat
of vaporization
The superheating
process is shown by
CD.The heat absorbed
during this stage is
QR, known as heat
of superheat.

Similarly, a family of
curves may be drawn for
different pressures as
shown in the fig.
The line passing through
the points A,B,E,K is
known as saturated
liquid line which forms
boundary line between
water and steam.
Similarly , a line passing
Through dry steam points
L,F,C is known as dry saturated
steam line which forms
boundary line between wet
and superheated steam.

It may be noted that from the fig., that when the pressure and
saturation temperature increases , the latent heat of vaporization
decreases. It becomes zero at a point (N) where liquid and dry steam
line meets. This point N is known as the critical point .
The temperature
corresponding to
critical point N is
known as critical
temperature and the
pressure is known as
critical pressure.
For steam , the critical
temperature is
374.15◦c and critical
pressure is 221.2 bar.
Wet steam: when the steam contains moisture or
particles of water in suspension , it is said to be wet
steam.
• Dry saturated steam: when wet steam is further
heated and it does not contain any suspended
particle of water, it is known as dry saturated steam.
• Superheated steam: when the dry steam is further
heated at a constant pressure, thus raising its
temperature, it is said to be superheated steam.
• Since the pressure is constant therefore volume of
superheated steam increases, it may be noted that
the volume of 1 kg of superheated steam is
considerably greater than the volume of 1 kg of dry
saturated steam at same pressure.
• Dryness fraction or quality of wet steam: it is the ratio of
the mass of actual dry steam ,to the mass of same
quantity of wet steam.
It is generally denoted by ‘x’
Mathematically,
X= mg = mg
mg + mf m
Mg= mass of actual dry steam
Mf= mass of water in suspension
M = mass of wet steam
• Sensible heat of water: it is amount of heat absorbed by
1kg of water , when heated at a constant pressure, from
the freezing point (0◦c)to the temperature of formation of
steam, i.e. saturation temp.
• Latent heat of vaporization: it is amount of heat absorbed
to evaporate 1 kg of water , at its boiling point or
saturation temperature without change of temperature.
It is denoted by h(fg).
The latent heat of steam is 2257 kJ/kg at atmospheric
pressure.
• Enthalpy or total heat of steam: it is amount of heat absorbed by
water from freezing point to saturation temperature plus heat
absorbed during evaporation.
enthalpy= sensible heat+ latent heat
It is denoted by h(g)
For wet steam h= h(f)+ x h(fg)
Dry steam h=h(g)= h(f)+h(fg)

Superheated steam h(sup)= total heat for dry steam + heat for
superheated steam .
=h(f)+h(fg)+Cp(t sup –t)
=h(g)+Cp(t sup- t)
Cp= mean specific heat at constant pressure for superheated steam
t sup= temp. of superheated steam
t= saturation temp at the given constant pressure.
The difference (t sup - t) is known as degree of superheat.
• Specific volume of steam
It is the volume occupied by the steam per unit
mass at a given temperature and pressure.
It is expressed in m3/kg.
 Classification of boilers
• 1. Horizontal, Vertical or Inclined Boiler.

-If the axis of the boiler is horizontal, the boiler is

called horizontal, 
• -If the axis is vertical, it is called vertical boiler and 
• -If the axis is inclined it is called as inclined boiler.
 Classification of boilers
• 2. Fire Tube and Water Tube
-In the fire
boilers, the hot
gases are inside
the tubes and
the water
surrounds the
tubes.
Examples: Cochran,
Lancashire and
Locomotive boilers.
 Classification of boilers
-In the water tube boilers,
the water is inside the
tubes and hot gases
surround them.
Examples: Babcock and
Wilcox,
 Yarrow boiler etc.
 Classification of boilers
• 3. Externally fired and internally fired

The boiler is known as externally fired if the

fire is outside the shell.
Examples: Babcock and Wilcox boiler
-
• In case of internally fired boilers, the furnace is
located inside the shell.
Examples: Cochran, Lancashire boiler etc.
 Classification of boilers
• 4. Forced circulation and Natural Circulation

-In forced circulation type of boilers, the circulation of

water is done by a forced pump.
Examples: Lamont, Benson Boiler etc.

• -In natural circulation type of boilers, circulation of water

in the boiler takes place due to natural convention
currents produced by the application of
heat.
Examples: Lancashire, Babcock and Wilcox boiler etc.
 Classification of boilers
• 5. Higher Pressure and Low Pressure Boilers
-The boiler which produce steam at pressures of 80 bar and above
are
called high pressure boilers.
Examples: Babcock and Wilcox, Benson Boiler etc.

• -The boilers which produce steam at pressure below 80 bar are

called low
pressure boilers.
Examples: Cochran, Cornish, Lancashire and Locomotive boiler etc.
 Classification of boilers
• 6. Stationary and Portable

Stationary boilers are used for power plant

steam, for central station utility
power plants, for plant process steam etc.

• Mobile boilers or portable boilers include

locomotive type, and other small
units for temporary use at sites.
 Classification of boilers
•
7. Single Tube and Multi Tube Boiler

The fire tube boilers are classified as 

• -single tube and 
• -multi-tube boilers,
depending upon whether the fire tube is one or more than one.
Examples: Cornish, simple vertical boiler are the single tube boiler and rest
of  the boilers are multi-tube boiler.

8. According to passes
-single pass
-Multi pass
 Cochran boiler
•It is a multi-tubular vertical fire tube boiler having a number of horizontal fire tubes.
it is the modification of a simple vertical boiler where the heating surface has been
increased by means of a number of fire tubes.

It consists of

Shell
•grate
•Fire box
•Flue pipe
•Fire tubes
•Combustion chamber
•Chimney
•Man-hole
 Cochran boiler
• Shell
It is hemispherical on the top, where space is provided for steam.

Grate
It is placed at the bottom of the furnace where coal is burnt.

Fire box (furnace )

It is also dome-shaped like the shell so that the gases can be deflected back till they
are passed out through the flue pipe to the combustion chamber.

Flue pipe:
It is a short passage connecting the fire box with the combustion chamber.

Fire tubes:
A number of horizontal fire tubes are provided, thereby the heating surface is
increased.
 Cochran boiler
• Combustion chamber:
It is lined with fire bricks on the side of the shell to prevent overheating of the
boiler. Hot gases enter the fire tubes from the flue pipe through the
combustion chamber.

Chimney:
It is provided for the exit of the flue gases to the atmosphere from the smoke
box.

Manhole:
It is provided for inspection and repair of the interior of the boiler shell.

Normal size of a Cochran boiler:

Shell diameter – 2.75 meters:
Height of the shell – 6 meters.
 Cochran boiler
• Working of the Cochran boiler:
• Coal is fed into the grate through the fire hole and burnt. Ash formed
during burning is collected in the ashpit provided just below the grate and
then it is removed manually.

The hot gases from the grate pass through the flue pipe to the
combustion chamber. The hot gases from the combustion chamber flow
through the horizontal fire tubes and transfer the heat to the water by
convection.

The flue gases coming out of fire tubes pass through the smoke box and
are exhausted to the atmosphere through the chimney.
Smoke box is provided with a door for cleaning the fire tubes and smoke
box.
 Cochran boiler
• The following mountings are fitted to the boiler:

Pressure gauge: this indicates the pressure of the steam inside the boiler.

Water gauge: this indicates the water level in the boiler. The water level in the boiler should not fall
below a particular level, otherwise the boiler will be over heated and the tubes may burn out.

Safety valve: the function of the safety valve is to prevent an increase of steam pressure in the boiler
above its normal working pressure.

Steam stop valve: it regulates the flow of steam supply to requirements.

Blow-off cock: it is located at the bottom of the boiler. When the blow-off cock is opened during the
running of the boiler, the high pressure steam pushes (drains) out the impurities like mud, sand, etc.,
in the water collected at the bottom.

Fusible plug: it protects the fire tubes from burning when the water level in the boiler falls
abnormally low.
 Cochran boiler
• Salient features of Cochran boiler:
• The dome shape of the furnace causes the hot
gases to deflect back and pass through the flue.
The un-burnt fuel if any will also be deflected back.
• Spherical shape of the top of the shell and the fire
box gives higher area by volume ratio.
• It occupies comparatively less floor area and is
very compact.
• It is well suited for small capacity requirements.
 la Mont boiler
• A forced circulation boiler was first introduced by
La-Mont in the year 1925 which is used in Europe
and America. This is a modern high pressure boiler
(water tube type steam boilers) working on forced
circulation system.

Working principle of La Mont Boiler

The image shows the flow circuit of La Mont Boiler.
 la Mont boiler
• Steam separator drum
The la Mont boiler consists
of a steam separator drum
which is placed wholly
outside the boiler setting .
• The drum receives a
mixture of steam and
water from the evaporator
tubes and feed water from
the economizer.
• The steam is separated
from water in the drum.
 la Mont boiler
• Circulating pump
The water from the drum is
then drawn to the circulating
(centrifugal) pump through
the down-comer.
• The pump circulates water
(“forced circulation”) equal to
8 to 10 times the weight of
steam evaporated.
• This prevents the tubes from
being overheated.
 la Mont boiler
• Distributing header
The circulating pump
delivers the feed water
to the distributing
header with orifices at
a pressure above the
drum pressure.
 la Mont boiler
•Evaporator
The header distributes
water through orifices into
the evaporator tubes acting
in parallel.
•Orifice in the header
controls the flow of water to
the evaporator tubes.
•Here part of the water is
evaporated and a mixture of
steam and water from these
tubes enters the drum.
 la Mont boiler
• Convection super heater

• The steam produced in the

boiler is nearly saturated.
• This steam as such should not
be used in the steam turbine.
• The presence of moisture in it
will cause corrosion of turbine
blades, etc. to raise the
temperature of steam and
thereby to increase the turbine
efficiency, super heater is used.
 la Mont boiler
•Steam outlet
Superheated steam from the super
heater passes out to the steam
turbine through the steam outlet.

Economizer
The quantity of superheated steam
thus delivered to turbine is
continuously made up in the form
of feed water.
•Feed water supplied by the feed
pump is heated in the economizer
on its way to the steam separator
drum.
•
la Mont boiler
The economizer is a device used to
preheat the feed water using the hot
gases leaving the boiler.
•Before the gases are let off to the
atmosphere, they are made to flow in
a definite passage in the economizer
so that some of the heat in the hot
gases, which otherwise gets wasted,
can be used to preheat the feed
water.
•The preheated water requires only a
small amount of heat to be supplied
in the boiler, resulting in some saving
of the fuel burnt.
Air pre heater
la Mont boiler
Since the heat of the exit gases cannot be
fully extracted through the economizer,
the air pre heater is employed to recover
some of the heat escaping in these gases.
These exit gases preheat the air from
the blower in the air pre heater.
The preheated air is supplied to the
furnace for combustion.

Capacity
The capacity of la-mont boiler is about 50
Tonnes/hr of superheated steam at a
pressure of 170 kgf/sq.cm. and at a
temperature of 500’C..
 Loeffler Boiler
•Salient features of Loeffler Boiler
The novel feature of the Loeffler Boiler is to evaporate water solely by means of
superheated steam. The furnace heat is supplied only to economiser and
superheater. In other words, steam is used as a heat absorbing medium.

The major difficulty experienced in La-Mont boiler is deposition of salt and

sediment on the inner surfaces of water tubes.
•The deposition reduces the heat transfer, ultimately, the generating capacity. This
difficulty was solved in Loeffler boiler by preventing the flow of water into the
boiler tubes.
•Feed water is evaporated in the drum using part of the superheated steam coming
out from the water-heater.
•Thus only the dry saturated steam passes through the tubes. Poor feed water can,
therefore, be used without any difficulty in the boiler, which is great advantage of
this boiler.
 Loeffler Boiler
• Economiser
The feed water from the feed
tank is supplied to the
economiser by feed pump.
• In the economiser the feed
water is made to flow through
a number of tubes surrounding
which the hot gases leaving the
furnace pass over.
• There is a heat exchange from
the hot gases to the feed
water, which is preheated in
the economiser.
 Loeffler Boiler
• Evaporated Drum

• It is housed away from the furnace.

• It contains a mixture of steam and
water.
• The feed water from the
economiser tubes enters the
evaporator drum into which is also
passed two-thirds of the
superheated steam generated by
the boiler.
• The superheated steam gives its
superheat to the water in the drum
and evaporates it to saturated
steam.
 Loeffler Boiler
• Mixing Nozzles
The nozzles distribute and
mix the superheated steam
throughout the water in the
evaporator drum.

Steam circulating pump

A steam circulating pump
forces this saturated steam
from the evaporator drum
to the radiant super heater
through the tube of the
furnace wall.
 Loeffler Boiler
• Radiant super heater
The radiant super heater is
placed in the furnace.
• The hot gases in the
furnace are used for
superheating the saturated
steam from the drum.
• The radiant super heater
receives heat from the
burning fuel through
radiation process.
 Loeffler Boiler
• Convection super heater
Steam from the radiant super
heater enters the convection
super heater where it is finally
heated to the desired
temperature of 500’C.
• The convection super heater
receives heat from the flue
gases entirely by convective
heat transfer.
• Both radiant and convection
super heater are arranged in
series in the path of the flue
gases.
 Loeffler Boiler
• Steam outlet
About one-third of the superheated
steam from the convection super
heater passes to the steam turbine
while the remaining two-thirds is
passed on to evaporator drum to
evaporated the feed water to
saturated steam.

Capacity
Capacity of the Loeffler boiler is
about 100 Tonnes/Hr of
superheated steam generated at a
pressure of 140 kgf/sq.cm and at a
temperature of 500’C.
Babcock and Wilcox boiler
 Babcock and Wilcox boiler
•  Babcock and Wilcox boiler: Babcock and Wilcox is a
water-tube boiler is an example of horizontal inclined
tube boiler it also a High Pressure Boiler.
• Construction: Babcock and Wilcox boiler with
longitudinal drum. It consists of a drum connected to a
series of front end and rear end header by short riser
tubes.
• To these headers are connected a series of inclined water
tubes of solid drawn mild steel. The angle of inclination
of the water tubes to the horizontal is about 15° or more.
 Babcock and Wilcox boiler
• Working: The fire door the fuel is supplied to grate where it is
burnt.
• The hot gases are forced to move upwards between the tubes by
baffle plates provided.
• The water from the drum flows through the inclined tubes via
down take header and goes back into the shell in the form of
water and steam via uptake header.
• The steam gets collected in the steam space of the drum. The
steam then enters through the anti priming pipe and flows in the
super heater tubes where it is further heated and is finally taken
out through the main stop valve and supplied to the Steam
turbine or Steam engine when needed.
 Mounting of high pressure boiler
• Mounting of high pressure boiler: There are
different fittings and device which are
necessary for the operation and safety of a
boiler. The various mountings used on the
boiler
• 1.  Water level indicators: The function of a
water level indicator is to indicate the level of
water in the level constantly. It is also called
water gauge.
Water level indicator
 Water level indicator
• Working of Water gauge:
• The water gauge shows the level
of water in the boiler drum. It
warns the operator if the water
level goes below a fixed mark, so
that corrective action may be
taken in time to avoid any
accident.

• For the observation of the water

level in the boiler, the water and
steam cocks are opened and
drain cock is closed.
 Fusible plug
• 2.  Fusible plug: The function of a fusible plug is to prevent the boiler
against damage   due to overheating for low water level.

• Working of fusible plug:

• During the normal operation, the fusible plug is submerged in water
which keeps the temperature of the fusible metal below its melting
point.
But when the water level falls below the top of the fusible plug, it is
uncovered by the water.
• The fusible plug therefore melts by the heat of the furnace. Thus the
copper plug drops down and is held within the gun metal body by the
ribs.
• The opening so made allows the steam rush into the furnace and
extinguish the fire. The damage to the fire box which could burn up, is
avoided.
 Steam stop valve
•   Steam stop valve: A junction valve is a valve which is
placed directly over a boiler and connected to a
steam  pipe which carries steam to the engine.
• If a valve is placed in the steam pipe leading steam to
the engine and placed near the engine. It usually
termed as stop valve. The larger sizes are called
Junction valve and smaller sizes Stop valve
• • Function: to shut off or regulate the flow of steam
from the boiler to the steam pipe or steam from the
steam pipe to the engine.
   Feed check valve
• 4.  Feed check valve: The function of a feed check valve is
to control the supply of water to the boiler and to prevent
the exception of water from the boiler when the pump
pressure is less as pump is stopped.

• i) To allow the feed water to pass into the boiler.

• ii) To prevent the back flow of water from the boiler in the
event of the failure of the feed pump.

• The feed check valve is fitted in the water space of the

boiler slightly below the normal level of the water.
Feed check valve

Working same as that of

non return valve
 Blow off cock
Function: To drain out the water from the
boiler for internal cleaning, inspection, repair
or other purposes.
• It may discharge a portion of water when
the boiler is in operation to blow out mud,
scale or sediments, periodically.
• It is fitted on the boiler shell directly or to a
short branch pipe at the lowest part of the
water space.
 Safety Valve  
                                 
Function : The function of safety valve is
to release the excess steam when the
pressure of steam inside the boiler
exceeds the rated pressure.
 Accessories of high pressure boiler
• There are auxiliary parts required for steam boiler for
their proper operation & for increase of their
efficiency. The various accessories are
• 1.  Feed pump: The feed pump is a pump which is
used to deliver feed water to the boiler .
• It is desirable that the quantity of water supplied
should be at least equal to that evaporated and
supplied to the engine.
• Two type of pumps which are commonly used as feed
pump are Reciprocating pump and Rotary pump.
• 2.  Injector: The function of an injector is to
feed water in to the boiler.
• It is commonly employed for vertical and
locomotive boiler and does not find its
applications in large capacity high pressure
boiler.
Accessories of high pressure boiler
• 3.  Evaporator: Evaporator is used in high
pressure boiler which is placed after the air in
the way of flue gases water are tube.
•  Hence evaporator is a unit which consumes
the energy of flue gases in boiler.
• Its main function is to convert the water to
steam add much to the boiler efficiency.
Accessories of high pressure boiler
• 4.  Economiser: An economiser is a device in
which the waste heat of the flue gases is utilized
for heating the feed water.
• Economiser is very important part of the boiler,
with the help the economiser the efficiency of
the boiler increased and the evaporative capacity
of the boiler is increased. Economiser are of two
type Independent type and Integral type.
• Video of economiser
Accessories of high pressure boiler
• 5.  Super heater: The function of a super heater is to
increase the temperature of the steam above its
saturation point.
• Whatever type of boiler is used, steam will leave the
water at its surface and pass into the steam space.
• Steam formed above the water surface in a shell
boiler is always saturated and cannot become
superheated in the boiler shell, as it is constantly in
contact with the water surface.
Accessories of high pressure boiler
• 6.  Air-pre heater: The function of air pre heater
is to increase the temperature of air before is
enters the furnace.
• It is generally placed after the economiser.
• So that flue gases pass through the economiser
and then to air preheat.
• Usually, there are three types of  pre-heater are
Tubular type, Plate type and Regenerative type.
 Air pre heater
• Stationary-plate regenerative air preheater
• Instead the air ducts in the preheater are
rotated so as to alternatively expose sections of
the heating plate elements to the upflowing
cool air.[1][2][3]
• As indicated in the adjacent drawing, there are
rotating inlet air ducts at the bottom of the
stationary plates similar to the rotating outlet
air ducts at the top of the stationary plates.
Rankine cycle
 Rankine cycle
• There are four processes in the Rankine cycle. These
states are identified by numbers (in brown) in the
above Ts diagram.
Process 1-2: The working fluid is pumped from low to
high pressure.
As the fluid is a liquid at this stage the pump requires
little input energy.
• Process 2-3: The high pressure liquid enters a boiler
where it is heated at constant pressure by an external
heat source to become a dry saturated vapors.
• Process 3-4: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine,
generating power. This decreases the temperature and pressure
of the vapour, and some condensation may occur.
• Process 4-1: The wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is
condensed at a constant pressure to become a saturated liquid.
• In an ideal Rankine cycle the pump and turbine would be
isentropic, i.e., the pump and turbine would generate no
entropy and hence maximize the net work output.
• Processes 1-2 and 3-4 would be represented by vertical lines on
the T-S diagram and more closely resemble that of the Carnot
cycle.
 Draught
• This difference of pressure for to maintaining
the constant flow of air and discharging the
gases through the chimney to atmosphere is
known as draught.
 Draught
• A fuel-heated boiler must provide air to oxidize its fuel. Early boilers
provided this stream of air, or draught, through the natural action of
convection in a chimney connected to the exhaust of the combustion
chamber.
• Since the heated flue gas is less dense than the ambient air surrounding
the boiler, the flue gas rises in the chimney, pulling denser, fresh air into
the combustion chamber.
• Most modern boilers depend on mechanical draught rather than natural
draught. This is because natural draught is subject to outside air
conditions and temperature of flue gases leaving the furnace, as well as
the chimney height.
• All these factors make proper draught hard to attain and therefore make
mechanical draught equipment much more reliable and economical.
• Types of draught can also be divided into induced draught, where exhaust
gases are pulled out of the boiler; forced draught, where fresh air is
pushed into the boiler; and balanced draught, where both effects are
employed
• ADVANTAGES :
• (1) It does not require any external power for
producing the draught.
• (2) The capital investment is less. The maintenance
cost is nil as there is no mechanical part.
• (3) Chimney keeps the flue gases at a high place in
the atmosphere which prevents the contamination
of atmosphere.
• (4) It has long life.
 Forced draught
• In a forced draught system, a blower is installed near
the base of the boiler.
• This draught system is known as positive draught
system or forced draught system because the
pressure of air throughout the system is above
atmospheric pressure and air is forced to flow
through the system.
• The arrangement of the system is shown in figure.
• A stack or chimney is also used in this system as
shown in figure but it is not much significant for
producing draught.
Forced draught
 induced draught
• In this system, the blower is located near the base of
the chimney instead of near the grate.
• The air is sucked in the system by reducing the pressure
through the system below atmosphere.
• The action of the induced draught is similar to the
action of the chimney.
• The draught produced is independent of the
temperature of the hot gases therefore the gases may
be discharged as cold as possible after recovering as
much heat as possible in air pre-heater and economizer.
induced draught
 induced draught
• This draught is used generally when economizer and
air pre –heater are incorporated in the system.
The fan should be located at such a place that the
temperature of the gas handled by the fan is lowest.
• The chimney is also used in this system and its
function is similar as mentioned in forced draught but
total draught produced in induced draught system is
the sum of the draughts produced by the fan and
chimney.
• The arrangement of the system is shown in Figure.
 Balanced draught
• The balanced draught is a combination of
forced and induced draught.
• If the forced draught is used alone, then the
furnace cannot be opened either for firing or
inspection because the high pressure air inside
the furnace will try to blow out suddenly and
there is every chance of blowing out the fire
completely and furnace stops.
 Balanced draught
• If the induced draught is used alone, then also
furnace cannot be opened either for firing or
inspection because the cold air will try to rush
into the furnace as the pressure inside the
furnace is below atmospheric pressure.
• To overcome both the difficulties mentioned
above either using forced draught or induced
draught alone, a balanced draught is always
preferred.
Balanced draught
comparision
 Vapour process
• Constant pressure process
• The generation of steam in boiler is an example of
constant pressure process.
• In this process, the pressure of steam before and after
the process is constant.
• We have already discussed heating of wet steam is
done at constant pressure in order to convert it in to
dry saturated steam.
• We also know that the superheating is done at a
constant pressure.
 Constant volume process
• The heating or cooling of the steam in a closed
vessel is an example of constant volume
process.
• In this process, the volume (mass)of the steam
before and after the process is constant.
• It may be noted that, in this process, no work
is done.