Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

UEMX 2353
Concrete
Structures
Design I
Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse
Analysis of the section
 Analysis of the section
4.1.1 Concrete stress-strain relationship
0.85 fck  0.567 fck
Design stress = fck  1.5
c
Paraboli 0.85f ck
c curve c
factor of 0.85 allows for
N/mm2
Stress

long-term effects and

difference between the
bending strength and the
cylinder crushing
strength of the concrete

0.0020 0.0035

Strain
Figure 4.1: Parabolic-rectangular stress-strain curve for concrete in compression (Class < C50)
 Analysis of the section
4.1.2 Steel stress-strain relationship

Design yield strain

f yk
s
Tension and  f yk 
compressio y  Es
n
s 
For fyk = 500N/mm2
N/mm2
Stress

200kN/mm
2
 y  0.00217

Strain

Figure 4.2: Short-term design stress-strain curve for

reinforcement
 Analysis of the section

4.2 Distribution of strains and stresses across a

section in bending
 Analysis of the section

4.2 DISTRIBUTION OF STRAINS AND STRESSES

 cc s = 0.8x
d'
A' s x
neutra
d l axis
 sc
As

(a (b) (c)
st )
triangular rectangula equivalent
r parabolic rectangula
r
Section Stress Blocks
Strains
Figure 4.3: Section with strain diagrams and stress blocks
 Analysis of the section

4.2 Distribution of strains and stresses across a

section in bending
 The triangular stress distribution applies when the
stresses are very nearly proportional to the strains
(used at the serviceability limit state)
 The rectangular-parabolic stress block represents the
distribution at failure when the compressive strains are
within the plastic range (design for ultimate limit state)
 The equivalent rectangular stress block is a simplified
alternative to the rectangular-parabolic distribution
 Analysis of the section

 cu2
 st  d  x 
cu 2 d
d'  x  and x   st
A' s  1
 cu

x
d 2

for  cu 2  0.0035

(d-x)
 sc
As and  cc  0.00217
( f yk  500 N /
st
mm2and class 
C50)
d
To ensure yielding of the tension steel x   0.617d
0.00217
1 0.0035
EC2 places x  0.45d
limit
 Analysis of the section

4.2 Distribution of strains and stresses across a

section in bending
 Balanced failure – The compressive strain of concrete
reaches the ultimate strains while the tensile strain of
steel reaches the yield strain simultaneously.
 The depth of neutral axis is equal to 0.617d.
 The concrete crushes and steel yields simultaneously
at the ultimate limit state.
 Analysis of the section

4.2 Distribution of strains and stresses across a

section in bending
 Balanced failure
 Analysis of the section

4.2 Distribution of strains and stresses across a

section in bending
 Ductile Failure (Under-reinforced) – The area of
tension steel provided is less than the area provided in
balanced section.
 The depth of neutral axis is less than 0.617d.
 The steel reinforcement yields before concrete
crushes.
 Analysis of the section

4.2 Distribution of strains and stresses across a

section in bending
 Ductile Failure
 Analysis of the section

4.2 Distribution of strains and stresses across a

section in bending
 Compression failure (Over-reinforced) – The area of
tension steel provided is more than the area provided
in the balanced section.
 The depth of neutral axis is greater than 0.617d.
 Analysis of the section

4.2 Distribution of strains and stresses across a

section in bending
 Compression failure
 Analysis of the section
4.3 BENDING AND EQUIVALENT STRESS BLOCK
0.567f
b 0.0035 0.85f
ck c/
 ck

=
s/2
x s=0.8x
Fcc
neutr
d al z = la d
axis
As

 st Fst

Section Stress Block

Strains
Figure 4.4: Singly reinforced section with rectangular stress block
 Analysis of the section

4.4.1 Design equations for bending

For equilibrium: M  Fcc  z  Fst  z (4.5)

and Fcc  stress area  0.567 fck  bs

substitute zds/ (4.6)
2 M  0.567 fck bs  z  1.134 fck b(d 
to give: (4.7)
z)z
Re-arrange and substitute K  M / bd 2
fck

to give (z / d )  (z / d )  K /1.134 
2

0 (4.8)
solve z  d[0.5 0
(0.25  K / .1.134)]
 .
from (4.5) Fst  ( f yk /  s )As  ( f yk /1.15)A s  0.87 f yk
As M
As  (4.9)
hence: 0.87 f yk  z
 Analysis of the section

4.4.2 The balanced section

 Analysis of the section

4.4.2 The balanced section

 Analysis of the section

4.4.2 The balanced section

 Analysis of the section

maximum value of z/d according
to the Concise Code and
previous UK practice

l a = z/d

Compression
 reinforceme
nt
required (at M bal )

30% (UK Annex)

30% EC2




   
2
K = M/bd fck

The % values on the K axis mark the limits for singly reinforced sections
with moment redistribution applied (see Section 4.7 and Table 4.2)

Figure 4.5: Lever-arm curve

x z  0.820d M  0.167 fck bd 2
 Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Design: Ex 4.1

M
b= 260 K
bd 2 fck
185 
  0.147 
10 6
260  440  25 0.167
2

Compressio n steel not

d = 440
required
L e ve r A r m : K
z  d {0.5  0.25  }
1 .134
As
0.147 m2
 440{0.5  0.25  1 .134 }  3 7 3 m

M 185 10 6
fck fyk M 185kNm   2
As  1140mm
0.87 f yk z 0.87  500  373
 Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.2

0.567f
ck
b = 300

x s
Fcc
d = 520

neutral
axis z
2
A s = 1470 mm

Fst

Equilibrium : Fcc  Fst

0.567 fck bs  0.87 f yk As
0.567  25 300  s  0.87  500 1470
 s  150mm and x  s / 0.8  150 / 0.8  188mm 
0.617d Hence steel has yielded
 Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.2

0.567f
ck
b = 300

x s
Fcc
d = 520

neutral
axis z
2
A s = 1470 mm

Fst

Moment of Resistance of the section :

M  Fst  z  0.87 f yk As (d  s / 2)  0.87  500  1470(520  150 / 2) 
106
 284kNm
 Analysis of the section

4.5 RECTANGULAR SECTION - COMPRESSION STEEL

b 0.0035 0.567f ck

d' Fsc
A's x = 0.45d s=0.8
x F
neutral
d cc
axi
zbal
s  sc
As

Fst
 st

Section Stress Block

Strains
Figure 4.8: Section with compression reinforcement
 Analysis of the section

For a singly reinforced section : M  0.167 f ck bd 2

If the design moment exceeds this figure then x<0.45d to
ensure yield and a ductile failure

Therefore:
z  d  sbal / 2  d  0.8xbal / 2  d  0.8  0.45d / 2  0.82d

For equilibrium: Fst  Fcc  Fsc

So with reinforcement at yield:

0.87 f yk As  0.567 fckbs  0.87 fyk As'

and with s  0.8  0.45d  0.36d

0.87 f yk As  0.204 fck bd  0.87 f yk As'

 Analysis of the section

and taking moments about the centroid of the

tension steel:

M  Fcc  zbal  Fsc (d  d' )

 0.204 fck bd  0.82d  0.87 yk As' (d 
f 2 ' d' ) (4.14)
 0.167 fck bd  0.87 yk As(d 
f d' )

Re-arrange to give:M  0.167 f bd 2 (4.15)

' ck
As 
0.87 f yk (d  d
')
 Analysis of the section

Multiply both sides of equation 4.13 by

z= 0.82d:

0.167 fck bd 2
 A's (4.16)
As 
0.87 fyk zbal
and with K= 0.167 and K=
M/bd 2 f c k :
' (K  K ) f bd 2 K bal fck bd 2 ' (4.17)
As   As
As  0.87
bal ck
f yk (d  d 0.87 f yk z
(4.18)
')
f  500 N / mm and  sc   y  0.00217 the
2
For y

compression steel will have yielded only if:

(4.20) (4.21)
d' d'
 0.38  0.171 with x  0.45d
x d
 Analysis of the section
Design Charts
4.0
12
2.0
1.5
10 1.0
x/d = 0.45
fck = 30, yfk= 500, d'/d = 0.10
)

8 0.5
mm2
(N/

100 A' s
6

/bd
2
bd
M/

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

100 A s/bd

Figure 4.9: Typical design chart for doubly reinforced beams

 Analysis of the section
Doubly Reinforced Beam Design: Ex 4.3
b = 260

K M  285   0.226 
d' = 50 bd10
6
2
fck 0167
A's 260  4402  25
Compressio n steel is
required
440
d=

d'/d  50 / 440  0.11  0.171

As (KCompressio n steel has
 K b a l ) fck bd
'
As  2 yielded
0.87 f yk (d  d
')
 25 f yk  500
M  285kNm  (0.226  0.167)25  260  440  438mm
2 2
fck
0.87  500  (440 
' 50)  25  260 
0.167
2
K bal f ck bd  As   438  1777mm2
As  440 2
0.87  500(0.82 
0.87 f z yk bal
440)
 Analysis of the section

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.4

0.567f ck
b = 280

d' = 50 Fsc
A' = 628 s=0.8
s x
d = 510

Fcc

A s=
2410
Fst

Section Stress Block

 25  M?
fck f yk
500 kNm
 Analysis of the section

Equilibriu m : Fst  Fcc  Fsc

0.87 f yk As  0.567 f bs  0.87 fyk As'
ck
0.87  f yk ( As  A's)
so s 
0.567 fck b

0.87 

500(2410  628)
 195mm
0.567  25  280
 s  195mm and x  s / 0.8  195 / 0.8  244mm 
0.617d
Hence tension steel has yielded
 Analysis of the section
0.567f c k
b = 280

d' = 50 Fsc
A' = 628 s=0.8x
s
d = 510 Fcc

A s=
2410
Fs t

Section

Stress Block
Taking moments about the
 tension bs(d  s / 2)  0.87 yk A s' (d  d
0.567 f cksteel
M f 0.567
Fcc (d s25/ 2) 280
Fsc (d  d ' ) ' 195
 195(510 ) / 2)  0.87  500  620(510 
50)
 443  10 6 Nm  443kNm
 Analysis of the section

4.6. Flanged section in bending at the ultimate

limit state
 Analysis of the section

Example 4.5
 Analysis of the section

4.6.1 Flanged sections - stress block

0.567f
within flange
ck
bf

s/2
hf x s=0.8
Fcc
neutralaxis x
d z

As

Fst
bw

Section Stress Block

Calculate K  M / b f d fck
2

Use equation 4.8 or lever - arm curve to calculate

z
z  d  0.5s or s  2(d  z) M
If s  flange thickness stressblock in flange and : sA
 0.95 f yk z
 Analysis of the section

4.6.2 Flanged sections - stress block below flange

bf = 400 0.567f ck

hf = 100 Fcf
s
x
sw
d = 350

neutral
axis Fcw z1
z2

As

Fst
bw = 200

Section Stress Block

(1) Calculate M f w ith s  h f

(2) If M  M f then stressblock is in the flange
(3) Design by :
(a) using an exact method (see example 4.6)
or
 Analysis of the section

Example 4.6
 Analysis of the section

Example 4.7
 Analysis of the section

Example 4.8
 Analysis of the section

4.7 MOMENT REDISTRIBUTION AND THE DESIGN EQUATIONS

EC2 restricts the depth of the neutral axis according to the
amount of redistribution. For Class<=C50:

xbal  (  k1 ) d  0.45d
k2

moment at section after
 
redistribution
moment at section 1.0
beforeredistribution
Depth of stressblock : s  0.8x bal
bal

Lever arm: zbal  d  sbal / 2

The previously derived design equations can
be used providing
that a modified value of Kbal is used in the
equations. K b a l  0.454(  k 1 )/ k 2  0.182[(  k 1 )/
2
 Analysis of the section

Moment Redistribution and the design equations

Values of k1 and k2 are given as follows:

EC2: k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25

UK Annex: k1 = 0.40 and k2 = 1.00

This difference is attributable to the use of Grade 500
reinforcement in the UK rather than the maximum grade
of 600 used in EC2. This leads to some differing
interpretations of the values to be used between EC2
and the UK National Annex:
 Analysis of the section

Redistribution  xb al / d zb a l / d d'/
K b al
d
per-cent

According to EC2, k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25

0 1.0 0.448 0.821 0.167 0.171
10 0.9 0.368 0.853 0.142 0.140
15 0.85 0.328 0.869 0.129 0.125
20a 0.8 0.288 0.885 0.116 0.109
25 0.75 0.248 0.900 0.101 0.094
30 b
0.70 0.206 0.917 0.087 0.079
According to EC2, UK Annex, k1 = 0.4 and k2 = 1.0
0 1.0 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
10 0.9 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
15 0.85 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
0.8
20 Cl ass A
a
0.40 0.84 0.152 0.152
25 0.75 0.35 0.86 0.137 0.133
30b Class B/C 0.70 0.30 0.88 0.120
0.114
 Analysis of the section
4.8 BENDING PLUS AXIAL LOAD
Assumed to act at
mid-height of section
M
N

s = 0.8x < h

M
N

s = h, 0.8x > h
 Analysis of the section

Basic Equations and Design Charts

The applied force N must be balanced by the forces

developed within the cross-section, therefore
N  Fcc  Fsc  Fs

In this equation, Fs will be negative whenever the

position

of the neutral axis is such that the reinforcement As is in

tension, as in figure 4.18a. Substituting into this equation
N  0.567
the terms for thefckstresses 's  areas
bs  f sc Aand fs s (4.35)*
A
 Analysis of the section

The design moment M must be balanced by the moment of resistance of the

forces developed within the cross-section. Hence, taking moments about the
mid- depth of the section
M  Fcc  2   F sc  2  d '  Fs 2  d
h s h h
2
or 
h  '  h
h s   d ' s f A d 
M  0.567 fck bs    f sc s (4.36)*
2 2 2   s 
2 
/ 2 and d'  h-d
A
For a symmetrical arrangement of reinforcement sA'
 A  
A
equations 4.35 and 4.36 can be rewritten in the following form ,
s sc

Difficult to solve directly

N 0.567s f sc As f
(4.37)
  
M A bhf 0.567s  h fs bh f sc Af s bhd  f s As
s   0.5  ck   0.5 d 
bh f ck
2
s ck
h  
ck
   0.5 (4.38)
2h  fck bh  h  f ck bh  h 
 Analysis of the section
Solution
1.4
of the Equations – Design Charts
1.2 10
0A
sf
1.0 y k /b
1.0 hf
c k b
0. 8
N/bhf (N/

0.8 d'
2 ck
mm )

0. 6 h As /2
0.6
0. 4
d'
0.4
0. 2
As /2

0.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

M/bh2f ck(N/mm2 )

Typical column design chart

 Analysis of the section

Modes of failure - Interpretation of the Design Charts

 s  0.00217   y for grade 500 steel
At this stage, both layers of steel will have

No

yielded N0  0.567 fck bh  0.87 fyk A'  As x  xbal and N  N b a l .
s
s y “Balanced Failure” -

compression failure
 sc tension steel yields and
x r  2.63d'
concrete
N simultaneously crushes
xbal  0.617d
xs  h r
N  N ba l , M  M b a l
Nbal b and f s  0.87 f yk .
tension
failure Tension steel yields
O M bal and concrete then
M
crushes
Bending plus axial load chart with modes of
 Analysis of the section

See also:
 Example 4.10: non-symmetrical section note use of
plastic centroid
 Example 4.11: non-rectangular section
Analysis of the section

End of chapter 4

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