THE BIRTH OF

FILIPINO
NATIONALISM
 THE BIRTH OF FILIPINO
NATIONALISM
Spanish prestige suffered irreparable
damage because of their defeat at British
hands. A number of rebellions broke out as a
consequence of this. Although there was
early resistance to colonial rule, Filipino
nationalism emerged only in the 19th century.
 THE START OF FILIPINO
NATIONALISM

* Also during the colonial era, the Spaniards

born in the Philippines, who were more known
as insulares, criollos, or Creoles, were also
called "Filipinos." Spanish-born Spaniards or
mainland Spaniards residing in the Philippines
were referred to as Peninsulares.
 THE START OF FILIPINO
NATIONALISM

Those of mixed ancestry were referred to

as Mestizos. The Creoles, despite being
regarded by the Peninsulares as inferior
to them, had enjoyed various government
and church positions, and composed the
majority of the government bureaucracy.
 T H E S TA RT O F F IL I P I N O
N AT IO N A L IS M

It was brought to its advent

by three major factors: 1)
economy, 2) education and
3) secularization of
parishes.
 F U RT H E R P R O G R E S S O F F I L I P I N O
N AT I O N A L I S M

The Philippines was

given representation in
the Spanish Cortes three
times.
 FURTHER PROGRESS OF
FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Economic developments also did a part

in making up the shape of Filipino
Nationalism. Before the opening of
Manila to foreign trade, the Spanish
authorities discouraged foreign
merchants from residing in the colony
and engaging in business.
 EARLY
RESISTANCE TO
SPANISH RULE
E A R LY R E S I S TA N C E T O S PA N I S H R U L E

The integration of the

Philippines into the
implementation of oppressive
taxation policies, forced labor,
galleon trade,indulto de
commercio,and government
monopolies.
 EARLY RESISTANCE TO
SPANISH RULE

Government control and

maintain it restrictios led the
people to experience hardships
and misery.
 EARLY RESISTANCE TO
SPANISH RULE

They started harboring grievances

against the colonial government. Thus,
they began clamoring for freedom
from foreign control.
THE MANILA GALLEONS
 THE MANILA
GALLEONS

The Manila Galleons (Spanish: Galeón
de Manila, Filipino: Kalakalang Galyon ng
Maynila at Acapulco) were Spanish trading 
ships which made round-trip voyages once
or twice per year across the Pacific Ocean
 from the port of Acapulco (present-day 
Mexico) to Manila in the Philippines which
were both part of New Spain. It lasted from
1565 to 1815.
 THE MANILA GALLEONS
The Manila Galleons were
also known in New Spain as
"La Nao de la China" (The
China Ship) because it
carried largely Chinese
goods, shipped from Manila.
[2]
 THE MANILA GALLEONS

The Manila Galleon trade

route was inaugurated in 1565
after Augustinian friar and
navigator Andrés de Urdaneta
 discovered the tornaviaje or
return route from the Philippines
to Mexico.
 THE MANILA GALLEONS

. The first successful round

trips were made by Urdaneta and
by Alonso de Arellano that year.
The route lasted until 1815 when
the 
Mexican War of Independence
 ended Spanish control of
Mexican ports.
 THE MANILA GALLEONS

The Manila galleons sailed

the Pacific for 250 years,
bringing to Spain their cargoes
of luxury goods, slaves,
economic benefits, and cultural
exchange.
INDULTO DE COMERCIO
 INDULTO DE COMERCIO

The Indulto de
Comercio or licensed to trade, was
issued to the Alcalde Mayor
 or Corregidor.
 I N D U LT O D E C O M E R C I O

• It was meant to prevent

them from using the polo
 or taxes from their own
personal needs and
control the market,
although they banned
them from engaging in
commerce.
 I N D U LT O D E C O M E R C I O

These people, literally have

all the power, so the Spanish
government had to think of a
solution for the problem.
Discontent with Spanish
rule expressed in the
regional revolts that broke
out in the archipelago
from 1574 to 1843
(Zafra,1976).
These revolts were brought by the
following reasons:

1. The desire to regain lost freedom;

2. Resistance to Spanish-imposed
institution;
3. Desire to revert to their native
religion;

4. Agrarian unrest.
REVOLTS CAUSED
BY THE DESIRE TO
REGAIN LOST
FREEDOM
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Revolt of Lakan Lavesari’s

Dula and disregard of
Sulayman(1574) Legazpi’s
promise that
Spain would
recognize the
patrimonial lands
of the Kings of
Tondo and
Maynilad.
The Lakandula and
Sulayman Revolt, also known
as the Tagalog Revolt, was an
uprising in 1574 by Lakandula
and Rajah Sulayman in Tondo
, Manila.
This revolt was caused by
losing Soliman and Lakandula's
kingdom when they were
defeated by Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi to accept the Spanish
sovereignty,
On the promise that they
would be well-treated by the
Spaniards and would still retain
some of their royal and political
powers.
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

First Pampanga Revolt Dissatisfaction with the

abuses of the
encomenderos.
The Pampanga Revolt
included a plot to storm
Intramuros, but the conspiracy
was foiled before it could begin
after a Filipino woman married
to a Spanish soldier reported the
plot to the Spanish authorities.
Spanish and Filipino colonial
troops were sent by Governor-
General Santiago de Vera, and
the leaders of the revolt were
arrested and summarily
executed by Christian Cruz-
Herrera
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Tondo Discovery of the plot

Conspiracy(1587-1588) masterminded by
AGUSTIN DE
LEGAZPI to overthrow
Spanish rule.
The Tondo Conspiracy of
1587-1588 was a plot against
Spanish colonial rule in the
Philippines by the datus of
Manila and some towns of
Bulacan and Pampanga.
The uprising failed when a
Cuyo native betrayed the datus
to the Spanish authorities.
Many datus resented Spanish
rule and were keen to regain the
freedom and authority they
enjoyed before the foreigners
arrived.
It was led by Agustin de
Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula,
and his cousin Martin Pangan.
The uprising failed when a Cuyo
native betrayed the datus to the
Spanish authorities.
The leader behind the plot
was Agustin de Legazpi;
nephew of Lakandula and son-
in-law of the sultan of Brunei;
and his first cousin was Martin
Pangan, who was then the
gobernadorcillo of Tondo.
REVOLTS CAUSED BY
RESISTANCE TO
SPANISH-IMPOSED
INSTITUTIONS
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Magalat’s Revolt Magalat’s

(1596) encouragement of the
people of Cagayan to
rebel against the
Spanish government.
The Magalat revolt was an
uprising in the Philippines in
1596, led by Magalat, one of
the few Filipino rebel from
Cagayan.
He had been arrested in
Manila for inciting rebellion
against the Spanish, and after he
was released on the
importunities of some
Dominican priests, he returned
to Cagayan.
Together with his brother, he
incited the whole country to revolt.
He was said to have committed
atrocities upon his fellow natives for
refusing to rise up against the
Spaniards. He soon controlled the
countryside, and the Spanish
eventually found themselves
besieged.
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Revolt of the Irrayas Execution of

(1621) oppressive
encomenderos and
officials.
The Iraya Revolt was an
uprising led by Igorot brothers
Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay
in 1621 against the Spaniards.
The rebellion was caused by the
perceived cruelty of the
Spaniards to the Igorots.
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Sumuroy’s Rebellion Government’s

(1649-1650) enforcement of the
order to send people of
Palapag, Samar, to
work in the shipyards
of Cavite.
The Sumuroy Revolt, also
known as Sumuroy Rebellion,
was an uprising led by
Juan Ponce Sumuroy, a Waray,
against the Spaniards on June 1,
1649 in the area known at present
as the town of Palapag in
Northern Samar.
The rebellion was caused by
the local Spanish officials
implementation of polo y
servicio system in Samar.
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Maniago’s Revolt Hatred of bandala and

(1660) resenment of the
frequent recruitment of
Pampangenos to cut
timber for the
construction of Spanish
galleons.
During that time, Pampanga
drew most of the attention from
the religious group because of
its relative wealth. They also
bore the burden of more tribute,
forced labor, and rice
exploitation.
They were made to work for eight
months under unfair conditions and
were not paid for their labor and for
the rice purchased from them. Their
patience was put to the limit and
they signified their intention to
revolt by setting their campsite on
fire.
The fight soon began and
because the Spaniards were busy
fighting against the Dutch, they
were badly depleted by the
Kapampangans. Maniago was
very clever and was able to make
his fellows believe in the idea of
attaining freedom if they revolt.
He succeeded not only in the
attempt of having his natives
believe in his propaganda but
also the Pangasineses,
Cagayanons and the Ilocanos
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Malong’s Rebellion Hatred of Spanish

( 1660-1661) oppression and the
killing Spanish officials
in Lingayen.
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Diego Silang’s Revolt ( Silang’s resentment of

1762-1763) his imprisonment due
to his request for the
abolition of the hated
tribute in Vigan.
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Gabriela Silang’s Assasination of her

Revolt husbands, Diego Silang
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Palaris Revolt ( 1762- Hatred of the excessive

1765) tribute and abusive
officials from
Binalatongan which
inspired hm to rally the
people against Spain.
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Basi Revolt (1807) Prohibtion of the

drinking of home-made
wine in Pidding, Ilocos
Norte,owing to the
wine monopoly.
 REVOLTS CAUSED BY THE
PEOPLE’S DESIRE TO REVERT
TO THEIR NATIVE FAITH
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Tamblot’s Revolt Tamblot’s exhortation

( 1621-22) that people of Bohol
return to their old faith
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Bankaw’s Revolt Bankaw’s

(1774-1829) encouragement of the
people of Limasawa to
defend their traditional
religion
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Tapar’s Revolt (1663) The killing of followers

of Tapar’s religioud cult
by the friar of Oton,
Panay
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Dagahoy’s Revolt The liquidation of Fr.

(1774-1829) Guiseppi Lamberti and
other Spanish priest
triggered by the refusal
of the Church to give
Christian burial to
Francisco Dagohoy’s
brother.
REVOLTS IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Revolt of Hermano Persecution of the

Pule (1840-1841) followers of the
Cofradia de San Jose
founded by Apolinario
Dela Cruz of Lukban
UPRISINGS CAUSED
BY AGRARIAN
UNREST
 UPRISINGS CAUSED BY AGRARIAN
UNREST

Other revolts were caused by agrarian unrest, brought about by

the desire of the natives to recover the lands grabbed from them by
the friars.
Agrarian revolts (1745-1865) broke out in the provinces of:

1. Batangas

2. Laguna

3. Cavite
4. Pampanga

5. Bulacan
 FA I L U R E O F T H E E A R LY R E S I S TA N C E T O
S PA I N ’ S C O L O N I A L R U L E

Owing to sectional jealousies, lack of communication in the

provinces, and the absence of national leadership,the revolts
against Spanish rule did not succeed.
The people were not united in their struggle against the
colonizers due to the archipelagic nature of the country and the
lack of communication facilities
Revolts against Spanish rule were fragmented, disorganized and sporadic.

Disunity was enhanced with Spain’s implementation of the policy of Divide

Impera.
Filipinos were made to fight one another by the colonial masters,
they failed to realize that their common enemy was the Spaniards.
THE EMERGENCE OF THE FILIPINO
S E N S E O F N AT I O N H O O D
The emergence of the Filipino sense
of nationhood took place only during
the last years of Spanish rule in the
1980’s (Agoncillo,1990).
This development in the 19th century
can be attributed to the following
factors: the opening of the Philippines
to world commerce, rise of the class
media, liberal regime of Carlos Ma.
Dela Torre, racial discrimination,
secularization controversy and the
Cavite Mutiny of 1872.
THE OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES TO
WORLD COMMERCE
The opening of the country to
world commerce was a consequence
of Spain’s adoption of the laissez-
faire policy. With the coming of
foreign products and businessmen,
the economic isolation of the
Philippines was ended.
JHON LOCKE AND JEAN JACQUES
ROUSSEAU.
Jhon Locke’s Theory of Revolution:
• They learned that people could overthrow a government that is not
working for their good of the governed.
Jean Jacques Rosseau’s Theory of Revolution:
• They realized that a government is an agreement between the ruler and
the ruled to govern for the welfare of the ruled to govern for the welfare
of the ruled.
Other liberal ideas that Filipinos
learned included the following:
equality before the law, freedom of
speech, freedom of religion,
freedom of assembly, protection of
human rights, representation in the
legislature, and sovereignty of the
people.
THE RISE OF THE
CLASE MEDIA
 THE RISE OF THE CLASE MEDIA

The rise of the class media or

the middle class can be traced to
the prosperity of a relatively
small class of mestizos and the
principalia or the ruling elite who
benefited from the opening of the
country to foreign commerce and
trade.
Families which prospered during
this time were able to send their sons
for an education in Europe. Being
educated in Europe, these sons of
prosperous families were able to see
the basic difference between
European and Filipino society.
 LIBERAL REGIME OF CARLOS MA. DELA
TORRE

Queen Isabella- the triumph

of liberalism in Spain in 1869.

Carlos Ma. Dela Torre- he

is the one who demonstrated
his democratic and liberal
philosophy of governance.
- he encouraged the aspirations of
the reformists and abolished the
censorship of the press.

-during his term freedom of speech

and of the press as guaranted by the
Spanish Constitution was recognized.
July 12,1869- Dela Torre serenaded
him by the Filipinos to express their
satisfaction and joy of his leadership.
 RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO
Rafael de Izquierdo- he
removed Dela Torre and who
was boasted that he came to the
Philippines with a cross on one
hand and a sword on the other.
 RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

Another factor that contributed to

the development of the Filipinos
sense of nationhood was racial
discrimination.
 The spaniards considered the
Filipinos an inferior race and
sarcastically labeled them Indios.
Discrimination against the
Filipinos was prevalent in the
universities and colleges,
government offices, church and
courts of justice.
 F R AY M I G U E L D E B U S TA M A N T E

In his pamphlet entitled Si Tandang Basyong Macunat,portrayed

the Filipino as an individual with low menta ability,incapable of
acqquiring European education, and fitted only to work in the field
and tend a carabao.
This kind of attack against the Filipino
race intensified enmity between the
Filipinos and Spaniards, especially the
friars.
 Racial discrimination had led them to
realize that the Spaniards and the
Filipinos were two separate and distinct
peoples.
 S E C U L A R I Z AT I O N C O N T R O V E R S Y

The secularization of the parishes was

the transfer of the ministries established
by the regular Spanish clergy to the
Filipino seculars (Agoncillo, 1990)
 This issue cropped up when the
jesuits were expelled from the country
in 1768. Parishes vacated by the Jesuits
had to be filled up by Filipino seculars (
Schumacher,1972).
The secularization controversy began as a religious issue on
became a racial controversy between the Spanish friars and the
Filipino secular clergy, as the friars started demanding that the
latter were unqualified to administer the parishes (Romero,1978).
 FR. PEDRO PELAEZ

Leading the Filipino seculars in the

struggle.

He is an insulares who rose to the position

of vicar capitular of Manila in 1861.

He led the fight against royal decrees

turning secular parishes over the friars.
 FR. JOSE BURGOZ
He continued the struggle started by his
former professor.

He exerted all effort to defend the

filipino clergy from all attacks by the
Spanish regulars.

He asserted that the Filipino priest were

qualified to administer the parishes.
He defended the move undertaken by
Archbishop Gregorio Meliton Martinez in
training the Filipino seculars to become
good parish priest.

He appealed to the Spanish Queen to give

the Filipino priests the chance to prove that
they could equal the Spanish regulars.
The secularization controversy
led to the unification of the
Filipino clergy, which in
effect,streghtened their sense
of identity .
Archbishop Gregorio Meliton Martinez
CAVITE MUTINY
OF 1872
 * January
20,1872
• A mutiny broke out among Filipno
soldiers in the arsenal in Cavite under
the leadership of Sgt. La Madrid.

• This mutiny was brought about by

the Izquierdo’s abolition of their
exemption from tributes and forced
labor previously enjoyed by the
Filipino soldiers and workers in the
arsenal of Fort San Felipe.
 The Spanish authorities took advantage
of the situation by arresting liberal-minded
Filipinos. Nine Filipino priest were
deported to the Marianas Islands,together
with thirteen lawyers and businessmen.

The incident was exaggerated by the

Spaniards, particularly the friars, to
implicate Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano
Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora due to their
active involvement in the campaign for
secularization of parishes. These three
Filipino priests were executed by garrote
for alleged complicity in the rebellion.
GOMBURZA
 The martyrdom of GOMBURZA
was a turning point in Philippine
history ( Agoncillo, 1990). It ushered
in an era of peaceful campaign for
reforms to counter the evils of the
Spanish Regime, known in our
history as the Propaganda Movement.
 The Filipinos deeply resented the execution of
GOMBURZA owing to their innocence of the crime for
which they were tried. They hailed the three Filipino priests
as true martyrs of the fatherland. Their death made the
Filipinos realize the need for unity to end their miseries.