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Antenna Efficiency

This document discusses various efficiencies and gain related to antennas. It defines total antenna efficiency, which accounts for losses. Radiation efficiency relates gain to directivity by excluding conduction and dielectric losses. Gain is the ratio of radiated power to that of an isotropic antenna with the same input power. It depends on efficiency and directivity. Maximum gain is related to maximum directivity and efficiency.

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Christy Polly
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209 views13 pages

Antenna Efficiency

This document discusses various efficiencies and gain related to antennas. It defines total antenna efficiency, which accounts for losses. Radiation efficiency relates gain to directivity by excluding conduction and dielectric losses. Gain is the ratio of radiated power to that of an isotropic antenna with the same input power. It depends on efficiency and directivity. Maximum gain is related to maximum directivity and efficiency.

Uploaded by

Christy Polly
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ANTENNA EFFICIENCY

& GAIN
• Associated with an antenna are a
number of efficiencies and can be
defined using Figure 2.22.
• The total antenna efficiency e0 is
used to take into account losses
at the input terminals and within
the structure of the antenna.
• Such losses may be due, referring
to Figure 2.22(b), to
• 1) reflections because of the
mismatch between the
transmission line and the
antenna
• 2) I2R losses (conduction and
dielectric)
In general, the overall efficiency can be written as
• Usually ec and ed are very difficult to compute, but they can be
determined experimentally.
• Even by measurements they cannot be separated, and it is usually
more convenient to write as

• Where ecd = eced = antenna radiation efficiency, which is used to relate


the gain and directivity.
• The conduction and dielectric losses of an antenna are very difficult
to compute and in most cases they are measured.
• Even with measurements, they are difficult to separate and they are
usually lumped together to form the ecd efficiency.
• The resistance RL is used to represent the conduction-dielectric losses.
• The conduction-dielectric efficiency ecd is defined as the ratio of the
power delivered to the radiation resistance Rr to the power delivered
to Rr and RL.

• For a metal rod of length l and uniform cross-sectional area A, the dc


resistance is given by

• If the skindepth δ of the metal is very small, the current is confined


to a thin layer near the conductor surface.
• The high-frequency resistance can be written, based on a
uniform current distribution, as

• Here P is the perimeter of the cross section of the rod (P = C


= 2πb for a circular wire of radius b),
• Rs is the conductor surface resistance,
• Ω is the angular frequency,
• μ0 is the permeability of free-space, and
• σ is the conductivity of the metal
GAIN
• Another useful measure describing the performance of an antenna is the gain.
• Although the gain of the antenna is closely related to the directivity, it is a measure
that takes into account the efficiency of the antenna as well as its directional
capabilities.
• Directivity is a measure that describes only the directional properties of the
antenna, and it is therefore controlled only by the pattern.
• Gain of an antenna (in a given direction) is defined as “the ratio of the intensity, in
a given direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power
accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically.
• The radiation intensity corresponding to the isotropically radiated power is equal
to the power accepted (input) by the antenna divided by 4π.”
• In equation form, this can be expressed as
• In most cases we deal with relative gain, which is defined as “the ratio of
the power gain in a given direction to the power gain of a reference
antenna in its referenced direction.”
• The power input must be the same for both antennas.
• The reference antenna is usually a dipole, horn, or any other antenna
whose gain can be calculated or it is known.
• In most cases, however, the reference antenna is a lossless isotropic source.
• Thus

• When the direction is not stated, the power gain is usually taken in the
direction of maximum radiation.
• We can write that the total radiated power (Prad) is related to the total input
power (Pin) by

• Where ecd is the antenna radiation efficiency (dimensionless)


• According to the IEEE Standards, “gain does not include losses arising from
impedance mismatches (reflection losses) and polarization mismatches
(losses).”
• The absolute gain (Gabs), also takes into account the reflection/mismatch
losses.
• On substitution, we get
• which is related to the directivity by

• In a similar manner, the maximum value of the gain is related to the


maximum directivity by

• It does not take into account the losses when the antenna element is
connected to a transmission line.
• These connection losses are usually referred to as reflections
(mismatch) losses, and they are taken into account by introducing a
reflection(mismatch) efficiency er, which is related to the reflection
coefficient as er = (1−|Γ|2).
• Thus, we can introduce an absolute gain Gabs that takes into account the
reflection/mismatch losses (due to the connection of the antenna element to
the transmission line), and it can be written as

• Where eo is the overall efficiency.


• Similarly, the maximum absolute gain G0abs of is related to the maximum
directivity D0 by
• If the antenna is matched to the transmission line, that is, the antenna input
impedance Zin is equal to the characteristic impedance Zc of the line (|Γ|=0),
then the two gains are equal . Then,
(Gabs = G)
• we can define the partial gain of an antenna for a given polarization in a
given direction as “that part of the radiation intensity corresponding to a
given polarization divided by the total radiation intensity that would be
obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically.”
• With this definition for the partial gain, then, in a given direction, “the total
gain is the sum of the partial gains for any two orthogonal polarizations.”
• For a spherical coordinate system, the total maximum gain G0 for the
orthogonal θ and φ components of an antenna can be written, in a similar
form as was the maximum directivity
• while the partial gains Gθ and Gφ are expressed as

• Where

• In practice, whenever the term “gain” is used, it usually refers to the


maximum gain.
• Usually the gain is given in terms of decibels instead of the dimensionless
quantity.
• The conversion formula is given by

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