FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY

CONCEPTS AND METHODS

WHAT IS FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY?
 It is an Indigenous Psychology

The scientific study of the ethnicity,

society and culture of a people and the
application to psychological practice of
indigenous knowledge rooted in the
people’s ethnic heritage and
consciousness.

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1994). Pagbabangong-Dangal: Indigenous

Psychology & Cultural Empowerment. Akademya ng Kultura at
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Lungsod ng Quezon.
DISTINCTIONS AMONG THE FORMS OF
PSYCHOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas
Psychology in the Philippines
 Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino

Psychology of Filipinos
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Filipino Psychology
Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at
gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the Philippines Press:
Quezon City.
SIKOLOHIYA SA PILIPINAS
 Psychology in the Philippines

refers to a series of events related to the

field of psychology in the Philippines.
(e.g. number of degree programs and
journals, the amount of research
conducted)

ang pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng

sikolohiya sa kontekstong Pilipino.
SIKOLOHIYA NG MGA PILIPINO
 Psychology of Filipinos

refers to any theories or knowledge of

Filipino nature regardless of source,
Western or local

palasak na anyo sapagkat

pinakakaraniwan o madaling makita.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
 Filipino Psychology

refers to a psychology based on the

Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings,
behaviors and must derive from
indigenous Filipino sources, language, and
methods.

nilalayong anyo, sikolohiyang bunga ng

karanasan, kaisipan at oryentasyong
Pilipino
LIMITS OF WESTERN CONCEPTS &
METHODS

 Issue

Applicability of the Western theories and

principles taught as well as the research
concepts and methods used in the
Philippine setting.

Timothy Church (1985) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book of

Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Quezon City.
LIMITS OF WESTERN CONCEPTS &
METHODS

 The limits of Western social research

methods in rural Philippines: The need
for innovation

Gloria D. Feliciano (1965) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya,

Metodo at Gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) University of the
Philippines Press: Quezon City.
LIMITS OF WESTERN CONCEPTS &
METHODS

 The limits of applicability of Western

concepts, values and methods in the
social sciences to the concrete realities
of Asian societies.

Augusto C. Espiritu (1968) in Indigenous Psychology: A Book

of Readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) (1990) Akademya ng
Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
FROM A MOVEMENT TO AN ACADEMIC
DISCIPLINE
 Principal emphasis in psychology

Identity and national consciousness

Social awareness and involvement
Psychology of language and culture
Applications & bases of Filipino
psychology
(health practices, agriculture, art, religion)

Virgilio G. Enriquez (1992). From colonial to liberation

psychology: The Philippine experience. University of the
Philippines Press. QC
PRIMARY AREAS OF PROTESTS OF
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
 It is against

a psychology that perpetuates the

colonial status of the Filipino mind

a psychology used for the exploitation

of the masses

the imposition of psychologies

developed in foreign countries
POSITIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
 On psychological practice

conceptualization of psychological
practice in a Philippine context
(industriya vs. kabuhayan; klinika vs.
kalusugan)

concerned with folk practices,

indigenous techniques of healing,
popular religio-political movements
POSITIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
 On Science – Humanism issue

utilizes scientific methodology in the

study of psychological phenomena

concerned not only with the universal

validity of psychological science but
also in utilizing such for the purpose of
serving the interest of all mankind,
affording protection to the
disadvantaged
POSITIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
 On Mentalism - Behaviorism issue

uses both phenomenological &

behavioristic concepts, but lesser
emphasis on individual experience and
greater emphasis on the collective
experience

attaches greater importance to kamalayan,

subsidiary importance to ulirat
POSITIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
 On Analysis – Wholeness Issue

methodologically leans on the side of

analysis but interprets the result of
analysis with a bias for wholeness
(social context, political implications,
cultural meaning of the study)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO IS A
‘TAONG-BAHAY’
 Metaphor

Sikolohiyang Pilipino can be explained

through a metaphor: (a characteristic
way of clarifying concepts) – difference
between tao sa bahay (person in the
house) and taong-bahay (house
person).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO IS A CALL
 forthe exercise of care in the adoption
of foreign theories… “uncritical rejection
is just as dangerous as uncritical
acceptance of Western theories”

 forexample: psychological problems

are the same anywhere however, the
sources of such problems differ greatly
LINES OF FILIATIONS IN
PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGICAL
THOUGHT

 Academic-scientific psychology: Western

 Academic-philosophical psychology:
Clergy
 Ethnic psychology: Indigenous
psychology
 Psycho-medical system: Religion -
cohesive element and explanation.

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw,

at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985).
National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila.
PSYCHOLOGY: THE WESTERN
TRADITION
 Academic-scientific psychology:
Wilhelm Wundt, the German tradition
University of the Philippines (1908)
and other American traditional schools

 Academic-philosophical psychology:
Thomistic philosophy and psychology
University of Santo Tomas (1611)
ETHNIC PSYCHOLOGY
NATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT
 Indigenouspsychology: kinagisnan and
katutubong sikolohiya.

 Psychology of Filipinos - perceived

ethnic traits, as observed by foreigners
or as felt and expressed by Filipinos.

 The practice of psychology by Filipinos

– techniques of enculturation,
socialization.
PSYCHOLOGY: THE FILIPINO
TRADITION
Ethnic psychology

 Kinagisnang sikolohiya
the subconscious psychology imbedded
in the native language, art, music,
culture and religion (one has been born
into; unaware).
e.g. kaluluwa at ginhawa

Zeus A. Salazar (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya,

metodo, at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). University of
the Philippines Press: Quezon City.
PSYCHOLOGY: THE FILIPINO
TRADITION
Ethnic psychology

 Katutubong sikolohiya
psychology worked out by Filipinos with
indigenous elements as basis (innate to
the Filipino) e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan,
Jose Rizal, Hermano Pule, Isabelo de los
Reyes.

Katutubong sikolohiya and Kinagisnang

sikolohiya constitute Katutubong
sikolohiya
PSYCHOLOGY: THE FILIPINO
TRADITION
Ethnic psychology

 Psychology of Filipinos- based on

mainly Western system of thought e.g.
Spanish: Pigafetta’s quite objective
observation of the Filipinos in the
Visayas (impressed by them); American:
Worcester’s view of the Filipinos as
distinct ethnic groups different from
one another as Christian and non-
Christian (pagans and Moros).
PSYCHOLOGY: THE FILIPINO
TRADITION
Ethnic psychology

 Practiceof psychology by Filipinos:

a. indigenous techniques of
enculturation/ socialization, e.g. myths
for social control, or as affected by
Christianity or Islam.
b. proto-clinical practice, e.g. tagapayo,
manghuhula, ancient techniques of group
therapy that are still present (alternating
chants during wakes, poetry, consensus).
PSYCHOLOGY: THE FILIPINO
TRADITION
 Ethnic psychology

Psycho-medical system: religion as

cohesive element and explanation.
(1565) Babaylan or Catalonan
techniques of healing; disease theory,
causation, therapy.
(1650) Messianic movements
(1730) Herbolaryo
(1900) Espiritista
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGICAL
KNOWLEDGE
 Filipino Language

use as a tool for

identifying/rediscovering indigenous
concepts

e.g. study of diwa (psyche), refers to the

wealth of ideas implied by the
philosophical concept of “essence”
FILIPINO LANGUAGE
“Enriquez does his theorizing in Filipino
and does his writing in Pilipino; merely
as a heuristic device, a discovery
procedure… returning to the ‘deep
structure’ of the language… Enriquez
worked in an area where Filipinos are
most adept, where the language has a
rich vocabulary of feeling and
sentiment.”

Andrew B. Gonzales (1982) in Indigenous Psychology: A book

of readings. V.G. Enriquez (Ed.) Akademya ng Sikolohiyang
Pilipino: Quezon City.
LANGUAGE, A HEURISTIC TOOL
 Methods: Ethnography, Language
Analysis, Semantics, Introspection

Language provided the instrument to

refine the tools of research so as to
discover categories and subcategories
which would be lost to a Western
English-speaking researcher…
FILIPINO, THE PHILIPPINE LINGUA
FRANCA
The issue of national language has long
been resolved by the Filipino masses
through their use and propagation of a
language based on the Manila lingua
franca, Manila being the seat of
government, the business hub, melting
pot, center of history.

Virgilio G. Enriquez & Elizabeth P. Marcelino (1984). Neo-

colonial politics and language struggle in the Philippines.
Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Quezon City.
LANGUAGE & KNOWLEDGE
 System
of communication
summing-up our lived experiences

 Social
interaction
expressing our thoughts and feelings

 Spoken language
from bodily gestures to linguistic acts
specialized speech apparatus
primary medium of communication
THINKING & LANGUAGE
 Interdependence of knowledge &
language, i.e. the thinking process
cannot work independently of language

 Language is not a neutral system of

signs nor is it value-free, i.e. it is
partisan to the values, perspectives, and
rules of cognition of a particular class or
society
LANGUAGE, HISTORY, AND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC-CULTURAL LIFE
 Specific
historical features and socio-
economic-cultural conditions shape the
thinking and language of a people,
giving distinctive meanings and value
judgments to their words.

 Indigenouslanguage, genuine vehicle of

the innermost thoughts and intimate
feelings of a people bound by a
common historical heritage and a
specific socio-economic-cultural
environment.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND
HUMAN BEHAVIOR
 The formation of psychological
concepts is the more important stage in
the entire process of understanding
human behavior.

 These concepts lay the foundation for

the formation of indigenous
psychological theories and models of
analysis that correspond more fully to
the realities of the life and culture of a
society.
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL
TERMINOLOGY IN FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
 System of affixation in the Filipino
language a resource for terminology
development

 The meaning changes because of the

use of affixes (suffixes, prefixes,
infixes, postfixes)
paki, mang, mapa, ika, ipang, ma, ka,
maka

Zeus A. Salazar (1981) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw,

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL
TERMINOLOGY IN FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
 Direct borrowing (saling-angkat)
perception (L) persepsyon
psicologia (S) sikolohiya
 Surface assimilation (saling-paimbabaw)

reinforcement - reimporsment
 Grammatical translation

(saling-panggramatika)
social interaction – interaksyong sosyal
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL
TERMINOLOGY IN FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
 Loan translation (saling-hiram)
defense mechanism
mekanismong pananggalang
 Word invention (salitang likha)

masturbation – mag-isang pagpaparaos

 Abbreviated words (salitang daglat)

STM short term memory

PUP Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL
TERMINOLOGY IN FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
 Paralleltranslation (salitang-tapat)
relationship = pakikisalamuha
 Indigenous-concept oriented translation

(salitang taal)
kapwa: hindi ibang-tao, ibang-tao
 Amalgamated translation (salitang
sanib)
mahay (Cebuano), nagmamahay
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL
TERMINOLOGY IN FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
Categorization of words and concepts
 Foreign concepts (konseptong banyaga)
home for the aged
 Superficial assimilation
(paimbabaw na asimilasyon)
reinforcement – gantimpala, ‘may
napala’
 Labeling (pagbibinyag)
utang-na-loob - reciprocity
hiya - shame
pakikisama - comradeship
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL
TERMINOLOGY IN FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
Categorization of words and concepts
 Semantic indigenization (pag-aandukha)
paniniyansing, tambayan (stand by)
 Semantic delimitation (pagtatakda)
gunita – recall, alaala – memory
personality is personalidad not
pagkatao
 Indigenous concepts (katutubong
konsepto)
saling-pusa (informal member)
pagka-pikon (to be peeved)
KAPWA, A CORE CONCEPT IN
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
 The Filipino language provides a conceptual
distinction in several levels and modes of
social interaction (antas ng pagtutunguhan).

 Eightbehaviorally recognizable levels under

two general categories in Filipino were
identified (ibang-tao; hindi ibang-tao).

Carmen E. Santiago and Virgilio G. Enriquez (1976) in Sikolohiyang

Pilipino: Teorya, metodo at gamit. Rogelia Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989)
University of the Philippines Press: Quezon City.
KAPWA, A CORE CONCEPT IN
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
 Ibang-tao (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (‘mixing’)
pakikilahok (joining, participating)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting)
 Hindi ibang-tao (one-of-us)

pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)

pakikisangkot (getting involved)
pakikiisa (full trust, oneness, fusion)
KAPWA, THE SHARED INNER SELF
 Kapwa (English: both, fellow being,
others)
others is used in opposition to the ‘self’
implies the recognition of the ‘self’
‘self’ as a separate identity
 Kapwa in Filipino

a recognition of shared identity

an inner self shared with others
the ‘ako’ (ego) and the ‘iba sa akin’
(others) are one and the same in kapwa
psychology
KAPWA, A CORE CONCEPT IN
FILIPINO PSYCHOLOGY
 Pakikitungo, pakikipagkapwa are
mutually replaceable in taxonomic
analysis, either covers the entire
lexical domain.

 Pakikipagkapwa, more theoretically

fertile concept when analyzed
semantically; much deeper and
profound in its implications as it
means accepting and dealing with the
other person as an equal.
PAKIKIRAMDAM:
THE PIVOTAL ASPECT OF KAPWA
 refers to heightened awareness,
sensitivity
 ‘feeling for another’

 a kind of emotional a priori

 an active process involving great care

and deliberation manifested in
‘hesitation to react, inattention to subtle
cues, and non-verbal behavior in mental
role-playing

Rita H. Mataragnon (1987) in From colonial to liberation

psychology: The Philippine Experience. Virgilio G. Enriquez (Ed)
PAKIKIRAMDAM:
THE PIVOTAL ASPECT OF KAPWA
 Pakiramdam is necessarily tied to the
operation of all Filipino surface values:
pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob
 The improvisatory character of
pakikiramdam is operative in bahala na
lakas ng loob, pakikibaka
 The centrality of pakiramdam in
behavioral and interpersonal domains:
biro-lambing-tampo.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
KNOWLEDGE
Major goals of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 pagsasakatutubo (indigenization)
 pagka-agham (science)

 pagka-Pilipino (Filipino identity)

Mario San Buenaventura (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu,

pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David
(1985). National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
KNOWLEDGE
The project of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 development of indigenous
psychological concepts
 utilization of indigenous research
methods
 creation of authentic and appropriate
social scientific psychology
Steven Rood (1985) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at
kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985).
National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
RESEARCH APPROACHES
 Experimental - adherence to
predetermined set of procedures
 Survey – conform to an informal
agreement with respondents
 Participatory – negotiate issues jointly
as they arise
 Indigenous – seek to enhance
awareness as one-with-the-other
INDIGENOUS RESEARCH
 Cross-Indigenous Psychology fuses the
modern and the traditional i.e. using
scientific methods and ensuring that
they are culturally appropriate.

 Sikolohiyang Pilipino utilizes and

borrows concepts from both the
modern and traditional cultural systems.
APPROACHES IN THE DEVELOPMENT
& UTILIZATION OF INDIGENOUS
VIEWPOINTS
 Indigenization from within
basis: the indigenous
direction: outwards
culture-as-source

 Indigenization from without

basis: the exogenous
direction: inwards
culture-as-target
INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHOUT
 Content indigenization
translation of imported materials

 Theoretic indigenization

 Indigenization as strategy

 Culture
assimilation
indigenous versions of imported
systems
INDIGENIZATION FROM WITHIN

 Identification of indigenous concepts,

methods, theories
 Semantic elaboration

 Indigenous codification re-codification

 Systematization/explication of implied
theoretical frameworks
 Application/use
USING THE CULTURE AS SOURCE
 Indigenization from within

necessarily implies the need for cultural

revalidation

a demand for concepts and methods

which are culturally appropriate,
scientifically valid
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Language

ethnolingguistic groups, multilingual

people
 Leisure

laro, laruan, palaro (patintero, sipa,

piko)
 Cuisine

adobo, bistik, dinuguan at puto, halo-

halo
 Law
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Religion

belief in a supreme being (Batlaya)

respect for nature (spirits dwell in

nature)

reverence for ancestry (bulol, anito,

ninuno)
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Religion

underscores the importance of

establishing close interpersonal
relations with one’s family, relatives and
fellowmen (kapwa)

highly-developed sense of values:

courage, cleanliness, courtesy, control
and the family
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Religion

indigenous morality: profound concept

of pagkamakatao

babaylan (priestess), dambana (shrine)

rituals and symbols for good

(benevolent diwata) and evil (malevolent
aswang)
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Manuscripts, memories, mummies lost

bell of Balangica, baybayin (alibata),

burial grounds in Sagada

 Misa, mesa, mamimista, mamimis kita

Foreign words subsumed in the

structure
of the Filipino language
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Names: Sinag Liwayway (T), Dawani
Paros (B), Janatyan Ahaddas (Y), Hamili
Ayo (C), Sudi Amor (I)

 Literature: Francisco Balagtas, Ka

Amado

 Theaterand Film: Fernando Poe Jr.

Tagalog movies shown in theaters from
Batanes to Jolo
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Medicine

lason vs. gamot, synthetic pesticides

have gone semantic transformation-
result of massive promotion during the
Marcos’ Green Revolution project

herbal medicine, medicinal plants, hilot,

concepts attributing illness to displaced
organs that have to be massaged back
into its correct position
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Musicand Arts: Sarong Banggi (B), Ati
Cu Pung Singsing (P), Pamulinawen (I),
Pobreng Alindahaw (C), Dandansoy (H),
Salidumay (S); Kulilal Ensemble of
Palawan, Kutyapi Artists of
Maguindanao

 Rituals and Ceremonies: agimat

(talisman), mutya (charm), gayuma
(spell), anting-anting (amulet); bulong
(whisper); sapi (spirit possession)
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Methods: doing diagnosis

psychodiagnostician determine
culturally-defined cause of affliction
through patawas, pagbatbat/pag-usisa,
pagpakot, pamulso.

beliefs in sapi, matanda, nuno, dwende.

TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Meanings:

Hiyang – (compatible, suited) in

indigenous medical practice, it means
compatibility of the treatment and
medicine with the individual.

Lagnat laki (‘growing-up’ fever); Lugaw

is perceived as ‘food for the sick’
TRADITIONAL FILIPINO INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE
 Geneticdiversity of indigenous plants
e.g. varieties of rice grains nurtured
through centuries by indigenous people

 Herbal knowledge
e.g. pito-pito, herbal tea from seven
leaves: bayabas, banaba, alagao,
kulantro, mango, pandan – use to
detoxify the body.
PHILIPPINE CULTURAL STUDIES
 Perspectival and Interpretive Models

absolutist position - assumes the basic

congruence of psychological
phenomena across humankind

relativist position – assumes differences

across cultures, if not the uniqueness of
each one
PHILIPPINE CULTURAL STUDIES
pangkami (reactive relativist), assumes
the utility of an alien frame of reference

pantayong pananaw (ethnocentric),

assumes the absolutist indigenous
perspective

universalist position implied by the

kapwa and cross indigenous orientation
of Sikolohiyang Pilipino
PHILIPPINE CULTURAL STUDIES
 Universalist position

assumes that basic psychological

processes are likely to be common
features of human life everywhere, yet
their manifestations are likely to be
influenced by culture
PHILIPPINE CULTURAL STUDIES

 Emicapproach (phonemic)
the need to understand a culture from
its own perspective (using natural
taxonomies)

 Etic
approach (phonetic)
the discovery of psychological universal
FILIPINO INTELLECTUAL TRADITION
 Philosophical traditions and paradigms
of science as neither Eastern nor
Western

 The West does not have a monopoly of

scientific standards, in fact science
evolved from Eastern intellectual
traditions

 Filipinointellectual traditions: the

Ma’aram, si Pilosopong Tasyo
FILIPINO INTELLECTUAL TRADITION
 Filipino philosophy of science
incorporates the demands of empirical
validation from reliability and validity to
affirmability and authenticity.
 Levels of validity & scientific standards

katatagan (replicability, reliability)

katapatan (multiple operationism,
validity)
patibay (certification)
patotoo (affirmability, attestability)
patunay (authenticity)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS THEORIES
 Filipino concepts and models of
personality

The five elements of the Ma’aram

concept of pagkatawo (personhood):
ginhawa (vital principle)
buot (perception)
isip (mind)
dungan (sleep spirit)
kalag (life spirit)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS THEORIES
 Filipino concepts and models of
personality

Three elements in Baltazar’s model:

bait (sanity)
muni (reflection)
hatol (judgment)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS THEORIES
 Filipino concepts and models of
personality

The four elements in Covar’s concept of

Filipino personhood:

kaluluwa (spirit)
budhi (conscience)
katauhang panlabas, external
appearance
katauhang panloob (innermost being)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS THEORIES
 Filipino
social interaction theory
Levels and modes of social interaction
rooted in Filipino collectivist culture
which have been identified using
ethnoscientific field methods.

 Kapwa, a core concept in Filipino social

psychology. Pakikipagkapwa is
accepting, dealing with the other person
as an equal.
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS CONCEPTS

 Filipinoconcept of justice
Tagalog, Ilongos, Cebuanos,
Pampangos use a common word for
justice, katarungan, derived from the
Visayan root tarong means straight,
upright, appropriate, correct, and for
right, we use karapatan, whose root is
dapat signifying fitting, appropriate,
correct i.e. justice is related to right
Jose W. Diokno (1983) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw,
at kaalaman. Allen Aganon at Ma. Assumpta David (1985).
National Bookstore, Inc.: Manila
RESEARCH MODELS
 Models of data collection
Self-orientation
Experimenter-orientation
Reactive-orientation
Mutual-orientation

Linda L. Viney (1988) in Pagbabangong-dangal: Indigenous

psychology and cultural empowerment. Virgilo G. Enriquez
(Ed.) 1994. Akademya ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino. Quezon City.
RESEARCH MODELS
 Models of data collection

Self-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributors
relate to the other only to the extent of
waiting until the other stops
responding, e.g. laboratory-based
studies of memory. Communication is
not taking place between them through
socially shared interpretations or
common constructs.
RESEARCH MODELS
 Models of data collection

Experimenter-orientation Model:
the data collectors appear to influence
while only the data contributors appear
to be influenced, e.g. Asch’s person
perception study; an imbalance of
power in favor of data collectors who
appear to define the experimental
situation.
RESEARCH MODELS
 Models of data collection

Reactive-orientation Model:
the participants in the data collection
are reacting to what is currently taking
place between them, e.g. verbal
conditioning research; yet the capacities
of both data contributors and collectors
to construe are assumed to be
unimportant and are ignored.
RESEARCH MODELS
 Models of data collection

Mutual-orientation Model:
the data collector and contributor give
something to, and gain something from
the data collection, e.g. Piaget’s early
research on conservation. Indigenous
psychology research uses this model as
the cultural researcher is a culture
bearer himself.
RESEARCH MODELS
Researcher-Researchee Relationship
Model
 Scale of the Researcher

Iskala ng Mananaliksik
 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction
between the Researcher and the
Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng
Mananaliksik at Kalahok

Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez (1975) in

Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at gamit. Rogelia E. Pe-
Pua (Ed.). UP Press.
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH
MODEL
Researcher-Researchee Relationship
Model
 Scale of the Researcher

Iskala ng Mananaliksik

These are methods used by the

researcher in generating data that are
tried and tested and are culturally
sensitive and appropriate in doing
research with Filipinos.
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH
MODEL
Researcher-Researchee Relationship
Model
 Scale of the Relationship or Interaction
between the Researcher and the
Researchee
Iskala ng Pagtutunguhan ng
Mananaliksik at Kalahok

The level of interaction between the

researcher and the researchee
significantly determines the quality of
data obtained.
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH
MODEL
Researcher-Researchee Relationship
Model
 Levels of Relationship

There are eight levels of interaction

which range from the relatively
uninvolved civility of pakikitungo to the
total sense of identification in pakikiisa.
These eight levels of interaction can be
divided into two categories: the ibang-
tao (outsider) and the hindi ibang-tao
(one-of-us).
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH
MODEL
Researcher-Researchee Relationship
Model

 Levelsof Relationship
Ibang-tao category (outsider)
pakikitungo (amenities, civility)
pakikisalimuha (interaction)
pakikilahok (participation, joining)
pakikibagay (conforming)
pakikisama (adjusting, being along
with)
SANTIAGO-ENRIQUEZ RESEARCH
MODEL

Researcher-Researchee Relationship
Model

 Levelsof Relationship
Hindi ibang-tao category (one-of-us)
pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual
trust)
pakikisangkot (active involvement)
pakikiisa (full trust)
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS RESEARCH
METHODS
Collective indigenous method
 partakes of the characteristics of:

a community dialogue
focused group discussion
natural cluster interview
group attestation
 puts premium on:

cultural appropriateness
an ordinary get-together
FILIPINO INDIGENOUS RESEARCH
METHODS
Approaches & Techniques

 Pakapa-kapa (‘groping,’ a field method)

 Pagtatanong-tanong (asking questions)
 Pakikiramdam (shared sensitivities)
 Pakikialam (concerned interference)
 Pakikilahok (participation)
 Pakikisangkot (integral involvement)
 Pagdalaw-dalaw (casual but repeated
visits)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
 Pakapa-kapa

an approach characterized by groping,

searching, probing into an
unsystematized mass of social and
cultural data to be able to obtain order,
meaning, and directions for research.
Carmen E. Santiago (1975) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya,
metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press

Amaryllis T. Torres in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya, metodo, at

gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989) UP Press
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Pakapa-kapa
 implies an exploration into cultural,
social or psychological data without the
chains of overriding theoretical
framework borrowed from observations
outside the focus of investigation.
 can be related to unobtrusive
techniques because the actual
procedures for collecting information
may range from observation,
documentation, intervention,
participation.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Panunuluyan approach

 interaction techniques, levels of

relationship
mula paninimbang hanggang
malalimang pakikipagpalagayang-loob.

Erlinda Nicdao-Henson (1977) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Teorya,

metodo, at gamit. Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (Ed.) (1989). UP Press: QC.

Josefina B. San Juan & Resurrecion Soriaga (1985) in

Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu, pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen
Aganon & Ma. Assumpta David (Ed.) (1985) National Bookstore
Inc.: Manila.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Panunuluyan: ang kontekstong pisikal at

teknolohikal.

 Pakikipagkapwa: ang batayang

panlipunan ng pakikipanuluyan.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Panunuluyan approach

 Makataong pakikipag-ugnayan:
pagdalaw, paninirahan, pananahanan,
pakikisuno.

 Pakikibagay: pakikitulog at pakikikain.

 Pakikiramdam
at paninimbang: paraan
at batayan ng pakikipagpalagayang-
loob.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Pakikiramdam, paggamit ng damdamin,

mata at pandinig upang maintindihan o
mabasa ang ibig ipahiwatig ng kausap
na ipinahahayag sa pamamagitan ng
kilos, parinig at matalinhagang salita
(talas ng pakiramdam).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Panunuluyan approach

 Pakikiramdam could serve as a

personality disposition, as a situational
behavior, as a coping mechanism;
closely related to many general
psychological concepts such as empathy
and sensitivity.
Rita Mataragnon (1982) in Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Isyu,
pananaw, at kaalaman. Allen Aganon and Ma. Assumpta David
(Ed.) (1985). National Bookstore Inc.: Manila
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES

Panunuluyan approach

 Paninimbang: damdamin at isipan

(sentido komon) ang pinaiiral dito at
anuman ang namasid, nadama, o
napakiramdaman ay aangkupan ng
tugong-kilos, subalit iniisip ang
kahalagahan at kabutihang maidudulot
ng katugunang ito (pagtutumbas).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Panunuluyan approach

 Pamamaraan

panimulang pagsasanay
paglalakbay at pakikisuno
paghimpil sa pook
pagtingin-tingin sa maaaring
panuluyan
paghanap ng tulay
pagdalaw sa pakikipanuluyan
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Panunuluyan approach
 Pagsasakatuparan

pagbati at pagpapakilala
pag-aayos ng mga dala-dalahan
pakikipagpalagayan
pagtulong-tulong
pagpalit-palitang paggamit ng mga
metodo
paggawa ng pananaliksik
pamamaalam at pasasalamat
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Panunuluyan approach
 Suliraning etikal

pagsasabi ng layunin ng pananaliksik

pagkasangkapan sa pagkakaibigan
pagsasabi sa kinalabasan ng
pananaliksik
paghingi ng pahintulot
pagtanaw ng utang na
loob/pamemerwisyo
pagbubunyag ng natuklasang katiwalian
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Pagtatanong-tanong Method

 Pagtatanong-tanong, Filipino word for

“asking questions,” the repetition of
‘tanong’ to ‘tanong-tanong’ indicates
seriousness of purpose, one is truly
determined to get answers to ones
questions.
 Rogelia R. Pe-Pua (1989). International Journal of Intercultural
Relations, Vol. 13, pp 147-163. Pergamon Press: USA
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Pagtatanong-tanong Method

Major Characteristics

 Participatory in nature
 Equality of status
 Appropriate and adaptive
 Integrated with other indigenous methods
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Pagtatanong-tanong Method

 Preparation:pagtatanong-tanong is part
of everyday casual interaction,
researcher must plan very well for
certain conditions, consider
convenience and comfort of informants,
their language, norms, values, and
background (history, within/between
group differences, activities, policies).
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Procedure of pagtatanong-tanong

Get to know the people, place, lifestyle

Greet informants, give credentials (name
the go-between)
Go tell them the purpose of the study
Give an estimate of the expected length
of the session
Guide questions are used when necessary
Goodbye and thank you is not abrupt
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The level of the relationship that exists

between the researcher and the
informant significantly influences the
quality of data obtained (Santiago-
Enriquez Model).

The language of the respondent is used

in the conduct of pagtatanong-tanong.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The use of pakikiramdam as ‘feeling for

another’ (cultural sensitivity), through
this the researcher knows when to ask
or avoid questions, interprets a ‘yes’ for
a ‘no’.

The equality of status is maintained, as

it is a dialogue (informant is a kausap or
person spoken with) not an interview.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

The issue of reliability: consistency of

response can be checked by repeating
the question in a different way.

The problem of investigator bias and

data contamination can be solved by
having more than one person do the
pagtatanong-tanong.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Principles of pagtatanong-tanong

Repeated sampling from as many

informants as possible can produce
commonalities of lexical domain which
can then constitute a ‘construct.’

Familiarity with the language, values,

cultural norms, will optimize accuracy
and relevance of interpretations.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Kuwentuhan is an occasion for

exchange of information, ideas,
insights, and opinions also it is a
sharing of beliefs, thoughts, and
experiences.

Roberto E. Javier Jr. (2004). Methodological Properties of

Pakikipagkwentuhan. DLSU-URCO Research Project Report.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Oral (pasalita)
Written (pasulat)

Transmitted (pasalin-salin) through

time

Request (paki – paghingi ng pahintulot)

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Pakikipagkwentuhan Method

Pakikipagkwentuhan is an informal,
free, as well as a social process of
exchanging information, thoughts, and
knowledge that is part of human daily
activities.

Grace O. Oteza (1997). Pakikipagkwentuhan: Isang

pamamaraan ng sama-samang pananaliksik, pagpapatotoo, at
pagtulong sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino. PPRTH Occasional Papers
Series 1997, No. 1.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
Procedure of pakikipagkwentuhan

 initially make visits (padalaw-dalaw)

before living-in the community
(panunuluyan)
 introduce yourself to the community
 invite yourself to community gatherings
 initiate a conversation when in a natural
cluster
 invest time in story sharing sessions
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

may pakikipagkapwa sa kwentuhan

may ‘paki’ ang kalahok sa kwento
may pakinabang sa kwentuhan
libangan
linangan ng kaalaman
lunas sa karamdaman
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

collective orientation
(pananaliksik na sama-sama)
contains the process of validation
(pagpapatotoo)
construction of social reality (pagbubuo)
cluster as unit of analysis
(pagsali sa likas na umpukan)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES

 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

with a topic to talk about but without a

theme (may pakay pero walang paksa)

worth or value of story produced from

the kwentuhan session (kwenta ng
kwento)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
 Principles of pakikipagkwentuhan

Validity: trustworthiness not truth

(mapagkakatiwalaan kaysa
makatotohanan)

Reliability: certification not consistency

(process of pakikipagkwentuhan-
indicator)
(pagpapatotoo, pagpapatibay)
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO RESEARCH
APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES
 Ginabayang Talakayan Method

collective discussion technique

‘sama-sama’ orientation

Roberto Galvez