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Research Methodology: Sandeep Kr. Sharma

This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines what constitutes research and discusses key aspects like research topics, objectives, and motivation. It also covers terminology used in research, different types of research approaches, the research process, literature reviews, and challenges faced by researchers. The overall document serves as a comprehensive introduction to research methodology concepts.

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690 views37 pages

Research Methodology: Sandeep Kr. Sharma

This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines what constitutes research and discusses key aspects like research topics, objectives, and motivation. It also covers terminology used in research, different types of research approaches, the research process, literature reviews, and challenges faced by researchers. The overall document serves as a comprehensive introduction to research methodology concepts.

Uploaded by

shekhar_anand1235807
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Research Methodology

SANDEEP KR. SHARMA


Introduction
 “Search of knowledge”

 “It is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on

specific topic”
 According to Oxford Dictionary (1952, p1069), “A careful

inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of


knowledge”
What Constitutes a Research Topic?

Unanswered question

Unsolved question

Concern

Query

Statement of inquiry
What is Research?

“Research is a casual & systematized effort of gaining


new knowledge.”
- Redman & Moory

“Research comprises of defining and redefining


problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solutions, collecting, organizing & evaluating data,
making deductions and reaching conclusions, and at last
carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether
they fit the formulating hypothesis or not.”
- Clifford Woody
Objectives of Research

To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new


sights into it.

To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular


individual situation or a group.

To determine the frequency with which something occurs


or with which it is associated with something else.

To test a hypothesis of a casual relationship between


variables.
Motivation In Research

Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems.

Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work.

Desire to be of service to society.

Desire to get respect.


Some Terminologies

Data: Measurement of records of facts made under

specific conditions
Hypothesis: tentative assumption of the study or

expected results of the study


Independent variable: The part of the
experiment that the researcher is manipulating; also
called experimental or treatment variable.
Some Terminologies

Dependent variable: The effect of the

Independent variable
Population: A total number of subjects which

they abide the inclusion and exclusion criteria.


Paradigm crisis phenomenon: development of

discrepancies leading to proposals of new


paradigm that better explain the data.
Some Terminologies

Review: A research paper that is a critical


evaluation of research on a particular topic.

Research proposal / Synopsis: A formal


preparation that includes introduction, review of
literature and proposed method of conducting study.
Types Of Research
1. Descriptive Research
2. Analytical Research
3. Applied Research
4. Basic / Fundamental Research
5. Quantitative Research
6. Qualitative Research
7. Conceptual Research
8. Empirical Research
9. Conclusive Research
Descriptive Research

Surveys & fact finding enquiries of different kinds.

Purpose is description of the state of affairs as it


exists at present.

Researcher has no control over the variables; he can


only report what has happened or what is
happening.
Subdivisions Of Descriptive Research
Survey research
The case study
Job analysis
Observational research
Correlation study
Comparative study
Analytical Research
Involves in-depth study and evaluation of available
information in an attempt to explain complex
phenomenon.

The researcher has to use facts or information


already available and analyze these to make a
critical evaluation of the material.
Subdivisions Of Analytical Research
Historical research

Philosophical research

Review

Research synthesis ( meta analysis i.e. analyze


the review that already published)
Applied / Action Research
Finding a solution for an immediate problem
Say a solution

SUBTYPES
Marketing research
Evaluation research
Basic /Pure/ Fundamental Research
Generalization and with the formulation of
theory.

Natural phenomenon and mathematics are the


examples of basic research.

Finding information in broad base.


Quantitative Research
Based on measurement of quantity or amount.

Weighing, measuring are the examples of


quantitative research.
Qualitative Research
Phenomenon relating quality or kind.

Character, personality and attitude are the


examples of variable used to measure the
qualitative research.

Word association test, Sentence completion test


are the examples of qualitative research.
Conceptual / Experimental Research
Related to some abstract ideas / theory
experiment.

Attempt to establish cause and effect


relationship.

Used by philosophers, analysts & thinkers.


Empirical Research

Rely on experience or observation

Do not consider any existing system or theory


Unscientific Methods Of Problem Solving

Tenacity

Intuition

Authority

The Rationalistic method

The Empirical method


Tenacity

Sometime cling to certain beliefs despite lack of


supporting evidence.

Superstitions are good examples of this method


called tenacity.

Coaches and athletes wearing same dress.

Black cat brought bad luck.


Intuition
Intuitive knowledge is sometimes considered to
be common sense or self evident.

Factual evidence.

Self evident truth sometime may found to be


false.
Authority

Reference to some authority has long been used as a


source of knowledge.

Galileo’s telescope.

Ptolemy’s explanation about world and heaven.


The Rationalistic Method
Derive knowledge through reasoning
 Basket ball players are tall.
 Tony is a basket ball player
 Therefore, tony is tall
The Empirical Method
Describes data or a study that is based on
objective observation.

Gathering data is scientific method but here


experience plays major role.
Research Process Flow Chart
Define Research Problem

Review
Concepts & Theories Previous Literature
Literature

Formulate Hypothesis

Define Research (Sample Design)

Collect Data

Feedback
Analysis of Data & Testing of
Hypothesis

Interpret the Report & the Findings


What Constitutes a Research Topic?

Unanswered question

Unsolved question

Concern

Query

Statement of inquiry
How to Select a Research Topic?

Personal interest
Social problem
Testing theory
Prior research
Program evaluation
Human service practice
Minorities in research
What is a Literature review?

Systematic review of available resources


 Theoretical and conceptual concepts
 Identification of independent and dependent variables
 Measurement and operational definitions
 Selection of appropriate research technique
 Sampling strategy
 Statistical technique
 Findings and conclusions of similar studies studied
Where do I find Sources of Information for my
Literature Review?
Books
Journals
Internet
Data bases
Archives
Interviews
Observations
Reports
Records
Types of Research Approaches

Qualitative Approach

Quantitative Approach
Qualitative Approach Techniques

Depth Interview

Focus Interview

Projective Technique
Quantitative Approach Techniques

Inferential Research

Experimental Research

Simulation Research
Criteria of Good Research

It is systematic

It is logical

It is empirical

It is replicable
Problems Encountered by the Researchers in India

Lack of scientific training


Insufficient interaction
Misuse of data
Research studies overlapping each other
Interdepartmental rivalries
Difficulty of adequate assistance
Library not up to date
Difficulty of timely availability of published data
Thank You

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