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Representation of Knowledge

The document discusses knowledge-based agents, which maintain an internal knowledge base and use inference to update their knowledge based on observations and take intelligent actions. Knowledge-based agents have two main components: a knowledge base that stores facts about the world, and an inference system that applies logical rules to deduce new information and update the knowledge base. Several examples of knowledge-based agents are provided, including an automated taxi agent and an agent that navigates the Wumpus World cave environment to find gold while avoiding threats.

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37 views21 pages

Representation of Knowledge

The document discusses knowledge-based agents, which maintain an internal knowledge base and use inference to update their knowledge based on observations and take intelligent actions. Knowledge-based agents have two main components: a knowledge base that stores facts about the world, and an inference system that applies logical rules to deduce new information and update the knowledge base. Several examples of knowledge-based agents are provided, including an automated taxi agent and an agent that navigates the Wumpus World cave environment to find gold while avoiding threats.

Uploaded by

RAJ PATEL
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Representation of

Knowledge
Knowledge based Agent
• An intelligent agent needs knowledge about the real world for taking decisions and reasoning to
act efficiently.

• Knowledge-based agents are those agents who have the capability of maintaining an internal
state of knowledge, reason over that knowledge, update their knowledge after observations
and take actions. These agents can represent the world with some formal representation and
act intelligently.

• Knowledge-based agents are composed of two main parts:


• Knowledge-base and
• Inference system.
Knowledge based Agent
• A knowledge-based agent must able to do the following:
• An agent should be able to represent states, actions, etc.
• An agent Should be able to incorporate new percepts
• An agent can update the internal representation of the world
• An agent can deduce the internal representation of the world
• An agent can deduce appropriate actions.
Architecture of knowledge-based agent
Knowledge Base
• Knowledge-base is a central component of a knowledge-based agent, it is also known as KB.
• It is a collection of sentences (here 'sentence' is a technical term and it is not identical to sentence
in English).
• These sentences are expressed in a language which is called a knowledge representation
language. The Knowledge-base of KBA stores fact about the world.

• Why?
• Knowledge-base is required for updating knowledge for an agent to learn with experiences and
take action as per the knowledge.
Inference system
• Inference means deriving new sentences from old. Inference system allows us to add a new
sentence to the knowledge base. A sentence is a proposition about the world.
• Inference system applies logical rules to the KB to deduce new information.

• Inference system generates new facts so that an agent can update the KB. 
Operations Performed by KBA

1.TELL: This operation tells the knowledge base what it perceives from


the environment.
2.ASK: This operation asks the knowledge base what action it should
perform.
3.Perform: It performs the selected action.
Levels of knowledge-based agent
• Knowledge level
• Knowledge level is the first level of knowledge-based agent
• we need to specify what the agent knows, and what the agent goals
• With these specifications, we can fix its behavior
• Example
• suppose an automated taxi agent needs to go from a station A to station B, and he
knows the way from A to B, so this comes at the knowledge level
• Logical level
• we understand that how the knowledge representation of knowledge is
stored
• At this level, sentences are encoded into different logics
• At the logical level, an encoding of knowledge into logical sentences occurs
• At the logical level we can expect to the automated taxi agent to reach to the
destination B
• Implementation level
• This is the physical representation of logic and knowledge
• At the implementation level agent perform actions as per logical and
knowledge level
• At this level, an automated taxi agent actually implement his knowledge and
logic so that he can reach to the destination
Approaches to designing a knowledge-based
agent
Two approaches to build a knowledge-based agent :
1.  Declarative approach
We can create a knowledge-based agent by initializing with an empty
knowledge base and telling the agent all the sentences with which we want to
start with. This approach is called Declarative approach.

2. Procedural approach
In the procedural approach, we directly encode desired behavior as a program
code. Which means we just need to write a program that already encodes the
desired behavior or agent.
Wumpus world
•  cave which has 4/4 rooms connected with passageways
• there are total 16 rooms which are connected with each other
• We have a knowledge-based agent who will go forward in this world
• The cave has a room with a beast which is called Wumpus, who eats anyone who enters the room
• The Wumpus can be shot by the agent, but the agent has a single arrow
• In the Wumpus world, there are some Pits rooms which are bottomless, and if agent falls in Pits,
then he will be stuck there forever
• The exciting thing with this cave is that in one room there is a possibility of finding a heap
of gold
• So the agent goal is to find the gold and climb out the cave without fallen into Pits or eaten
by Wumpus
• The agent will get a reward if he comes out with gold, and he will get a penalty if eaten by
Wumpus or falls in the pit
Wumpus world
Wumpus world
There are also some components which can help the agent to navigate the cave. These
components are given as follows:
• The rooms adjacent to the Wumpus room are smelly, so that it would have some
stench.
• The room adjacent to PITs has a breeze, so if the agent reaches near to PIT, then he
will perceive the breeze.
• There will be glitter in the room if and only if the room has gold.
• The Wumpus can be killed by the agent if the agent is facing to it, and Wumpus will
emit a horrible scream which can be heard anywhere in the cave.
Wumpus world : PEAS Description
The Wumpus world Properties
• Partially observable: The Wumpus world is partially observable because the agent can
only perceive the close environment such as an adjacent room.
• Deterministic: It is deterministic, as the result and outcome of the world are already
known.
• Sequential: The order is important, so it is sequential.
• Static: It is static as Wumpus and Pits are not moving.
• Discrete: The environment is discrete.
• One agent: The environment is a single agent as we have one agent only and Wumpus is
not considered as an agent.
Example

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