Introduction

1. One of the main achievements of the 20th century was the use of universal disinfection for drinking water.

Chemical Ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloraminesodium chlorate,

2.
Types of disinfectant
processes
Physical Filtration, membrane processes, pasteurization, cooking, ultraviolet

3. There are major four groups of DPBs found in water - Trihalomethane, Haloacetic acid, Halonitric acid, Haloketones
and Aldehyde.

4. Factors affecting DBP formation Temp.

Dosage pH
Factors
Contact
time NOM
Bromide
 Risk Assessment (Boundary's and case-study)
1. Major studies have been done in European and North American countries
2. THMs has apparently associated with bladder cancer and reproductive disorders
3. Harmful effects of DBPs on the health of infants and children is more prominent
4. In adults health hazards like bladder, liver, kidney, and asthma issues are observed commonly
5. Human health impacts of disinfection by-products.

Carcinogenic, central nervous system, nephrological liver,

Trihalomethane and reproductive system disorders

Haloacetonitrile Carcinogenic and mutagenic problems

Carcinogenic, nephrological, liver, spleen, reproductive

Haloacetic acid system disorders with negative effect on normal growth

Halogens Mutagenicity
 100
Bla der Ca ncer
90

80

70
THM level ug/l

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
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Name of countrys

THM value Population-Attributable fraction

1. Bladder cancer cases per year in Europe among men and women ≥ 20 years of age, high risk for men

2. Around 5% (6561 cases per year) of all cases of bladder cancer in Europe can be attributed to exposure to THM.

3. Risk of bladder cancer is due to long term exposure to water containing high level of THM.
 Research Evolution on Disinfection By-product

1974 1976 1984 1999 2000 2004 2006 2006 2012 2019

Formation of Carcinogenicity WHO THM classified More (CPCB), India 500–600 THM guideline BIS Risk assessment
haloforms in of chloroform guidelines as human than 300 initiation of DBPs reported in Canada, standards of
drinking water was suspected for carcinogen by chlorinated THM For chemical China, for THM THM for cancer
chloroform IARC DBPs identification disinfectants and Europe based affects
identified in India

Discovery of the DBPs in drinking water during chlorination process

Identification of emerging DBPs in drinking water
Risk assessment of THM for cancer and non-cancer effects
 Research Gap
Research gap has been identified in following areas:

1. Effective of advanced water treatment and disinfection technology to reduce THMs

concentration.