Noise in Communication

System

BHAGALPUR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BHAGALPUR

Department of Electronics and Communication

Presented by : Anshu Kumari , Assistant Professor

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 Noise
• The unwanted signal with the modulated
signal is called Noise.
• Noise is random in nature.
• Noise degrade the level of quality of the
received signal at the receiver.
• Due to the presence of noise efficiency of
communication system reduces.

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 Types of Noise

Noise

Internal Noise External Noise

Ex-Thermal noise/ • Solar noise
White noise/ • Crosstalk
Gaussian noise/ • Lightening
Johnson noise

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 Thermal Noise
• Due to thermal agitation, charge carriers(the electrons)
in the electrical conductor gain energy and move in
random fashion.
• This movement of electrons generates heat, and this
heat corresponds to Thermal noise.
• Due to this movement of electrons current flows in the
conductor and this current creates Noise Voltage, n(t).
• Noise voltage, n(t) is influenced by the temperature and
therefore it is called Thermal Noise.
• Also known as Johnson noise or white noise.
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 Thermal Noise
• Thermal noise is also referred as ‘white noise’
because it has a uniform ‘spectral density’.

• In 1928, J.B. Johnson had proven that noise power

generated is proportional to the temperature and
the bandwidth. Pn  TB
Pn  kTB Watt 5
 Thermal Noise
Where
Pn  Noise power(Watt )
k  Boltzmann’s constant(1.38 1023 J / K )
T  Temperature(K)
B=Bandwidth spectrum( Hz )

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 How to determine noise level in
communication system?
• Noise effect can be determined by measuring:
o Signal to Noise ratio, SNR for analog system
o Probability of error or bit error rate, BER for digital system
• To determine the quality of received signal at the
receiver i.e. at an antenna , SNR
and
i at the output of
the receiver, SNR
are oused.

• SNRois always less than SNR because

i of the existence
of noise in the receiver itself.
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 Noise Calculation
• SNR is a ratio of signal power, S to noise power, N.
S
SNR  10 log dB
N
• Noise Figure, F is given as
Si / N i
F dB
So / N o
NF  10 log F
• Noise factor,
• F equals to 1 for noiseless network and in general F>1.
• The lower the value of F, the better the
network/system

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 Additive White Gaussian Noise
• Additive
Noise is usually additive in nature and it is added to
the signal as shown below

• White

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• Gaussian
We generally assume that noise voltage amplitudes have
Gaussian or Normal distribution.

 Narrow band noise:

• When additive white Gaussian noise signal passed through
band pass filter, the resulting is called as Narrow band
noise.
• To find the effect of noise signal on AM, DSB and SSB, noise
should be considered as
o Additive White Gaussian Noise(AWGN)
o Narrow band Noise
• Time domain representation of narrowband AWGN noise
is given as
n(t )  nc (t ) cos 2 f ct  nq (t ) sin 2 f ct

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Where n (t )  A low pass signal and inphase component of n(t)
c

nq (t )  A low pass signal and quadrature component of n(t)

 Power spectral density(PSD) of AWGN noise

affecting AM &DSB:

 N 
Noise power, N   2 B  o   2  2 N o B Watt
 2 
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 PSD of AWGN affecting SSB signal:

 N 
Noise power, N   B  o   2  N o B Watt
 2 

NOTE: The total effect of AWGN signal on AM, DSB and SSB is due to its in-phase
component as the effect of quadrature component is zero.

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PSD of AWGN affecting message signal:

Total white noise power affecting message signal,

 N 
Noise power, N   B  o   2  N o B Watt
 2 

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 Noise Figure of DSB Receiver
SDSB(t)+n(t)
SDSB(t)
Tx Rx
(SNR)o
(SNR)i

S DSB (t )  Ac m(t ) cos 2 f ct

Ac2 P
 Signal  power , Si 
2
Where

P = Power of message signal, m(t)

If m(t )  Am cos 2 f mt
Am2
P 
2R
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• Here, we consider channel as distortionless
channel.
• Therefore total AWGN power affecting
message signal is given by
Ni  N o B Watt

Si Ac2 P
  SNR i  
Ni 2 N o B
• In the receiver,
Rx

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SDSB(t)
+ Multiplier LPF

n(t)
L.O. Fig: Synchronous detector
cos 2 f c t

 mul o / p  S DSB (t )  n(t ) cos 2 f ct

  Ac m(t ) cos 2 f c t  n(t )  cos 2 f c t
Ac m(t ) nc (t )
  LPF o / p  
2 2

signal noise
• The above expression confirms that only in-phase component affects the signal as
quadrature component of noise is filtered at the output.
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 2
 Ac m(t )  Ac P
 So  Power   
 2  4
&
2
 nc (t )  nc (t ) 2 N o B N o B
N o  Power     
 2  4 4 2

So Ac2 P
  SNR o  
No 2 No B
 SNR i
Hence, Noise  Figure, F  1
 SNR o
&
Figure of merit, FOM  1
S  S 
Or,     
 N  o  N i

It confirms that synchronous detector is very effective in nullifying the effect of

AWGN noise which is interfered with transmitted DSB signal.
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 Noise Figure of SSB Receiver
• General expression for SSB signal is given as

Ac m(t ) A m(t )
S SSB (t )  cos 2 f c t  c sin 2 f c t
2 2
Ac2 P
 Si  (Half of the DSB power)
4
&
Ni  N o B

Si Ac2 P
  SNR i  
Ni 4 No B

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 SSSB(t)

 mul o / p  S SSB (t )  n(t )cos 2 f ct

and
( 𝐿𝑃𝐹 )𝑜/ 𝑝 =¿ ¿
signal noise

¿ 19
 𝑆𝑜 𝐴2𝑐 𝑃
∴ ( 𝑆𝑁𝑅 )𝑜 = =
𝑁𝑜 4 𝑁𝑜 𝐵

 SNR i
Hence Noise  Figure, F  1
 SNR o
&
Figure of merit, FOM  1

Noise Figure of AM Receiver

• General expression for AM signal is given as
S AM (t )  Ac 1  K a m(t ) cos 2 f ct

Ac2 Ac2 K a2 m 2 (t ) Ac2

Si    1  K a2 P 
2 2 2
and
Ni  No B

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 Ac2
1  K a2 P 
S
 SNR i  i  2
Ni Ni

SAM(t)

 ED i / p  S AM  n(t ) So  Power  Ac K a m(t )   Ac2 K a2 P

and
and
N o  Power nc (t )   2 N o B
 ED o / p  Ac K a m(t )  nc (t )
So Ac2 K a2 P
( SNR )o  
No 2No B
 SNR i 1  K a2 P
Noise  Figure, F  
 SNR o K a2 P Thus, FOMAM is always
and inferior to FOMDSB-SC.
K a2 P
FOM 
1  K a2 P 21
 Noise Figure of FM Receiver

• Figure of merit of FM receiver is given by

3K 2f P
FOM FM 
f m2

• Noise figure, F=1/FOM

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1. Thermal Noise is also known as
a) Johnson Noise
b) Partition Noise
c) Flicker Noise
d) Solar Noise

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Ans. (a) Johnson Noise

2. Random Signal is
a) May be specified in time
b) Occurrence is random
c) Repeat over a period
d) None of the above

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Ans.: (b) Occurrence is random

3. Low frequency noise is

a) Transit time noise
b) Flicker noise
c) Shot noise
d) None of the above

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Ans.: (b) Flicker noise
Flicker noise is generated due to fluctuations in
the density of the carrier that increases the
conductivity of the material.

4.Noise power at the resistor is affected by the

value of the resistor as
a) Directly proportional to the value of the resistor
b) Inversely proportional to the value of the resistor
c) Unaffected by the value of the resistor
d) Becomes half as the resistance value is doubled

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Ans. (c)Unaffected by the value of the resistor

5. Noise is added to a signal in a communication

system
a) At the receiver end
b) At transmitting antenna
c) In the channel
d) During regeneration of the information

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Ans. (c) In the channel
6. The noise temperature at a resistor depends
upon
a) Resistance Value
b) Noise Power
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above

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Ans. (b) Noise Power

7. Figure of merit is
a) Ratio of output signal to noise ratio to input
signal to noise ratio
b) Ratio of input signal to noise ratio to output
signal to noise ratio
c) Ratio of output signal to input signal to a system
d) Ratio of input signal to output signal to a system

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Ans.: (a)Ratio of output signal to noise ratio to input
signal to noise ratio

8. Transit time noise is

a) Low frequency noise
b) High frequency noise
c) Due to random behaviour of carrier charges
d) Due to increase in reverse current in the device

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Ans.: (b) High frequency noise
Transit time noise is the noise caused due to increase in
the conductance i.e. due to propagation of the carrier
through the junction or from input to the output.

9. The noise due to random behaviour of charge carrier

is
a) Shot noise
b) Partition noise
c) Industrial noise
d) Flicker noise

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Ans. : (a) Shot noise

10. Noise has

a) Infinite energy
b) Infinite power
c) Infinite energy and power
d) None of the mentioned

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Ans. : (a) Infinite energy
11. Thermal noise is
a) Energy signal
b) Power signal
c) Energy and power signal
d) None of the mentioned

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Ans. : (b) Power signal

12. The RMS value of thermal noise voltage is

related to Boltzmann’s constant k as
a) Directly proportional to K2
b) Directly proportional to K
c) Directly proportional to K1/2
d) Directly proportional to K3

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Ans. : Directly proportional to K1/2

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Thank You

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