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Aerofoil Classification

This document defines airfoil terminology and classifications. It describes key airfoil parameters like chord line, camber line, thickness, and angle of attack. It then explains different airfoil classifications developed by NACA, including the 4-digit, 5-digit, 6-series, and 7-series systems. Each system uses a code to indicate attributes like maximum camber, thickness, lift coefficient, and location of minimum pressure points.

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Sridhar Kanagaraj
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111 views10 pages

Aerofoil Classification

This document defines airfoil terminology and classifications. It describes key airfoil parameters like chord line, camber line, thickness, and angle of attack. It then explains different airfoil classifications developed by NACA, including the 4-digit, 5-digit, 6-series, and 7-series systems. Each system uses a code to indicate attributes like maximum camber, thickness, lift coefficient, and location of minimum pressure points.

Uploaded by

Sridhar Kanagaraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Airfoil and its classification

Nomenclature
Airfoil Definitions
• Chord Line: Straight line drawn from the leading edge to the trailing edge
• Chord Length (c): Length of the chord line Mean
• Camber Line: Curved line from the leading edge to the trailing edge,
which is equidistant between the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil
Maximum
• Camber: Maximum distance between the chord line and the mean
camber line.
• Maximum Thickness: Maximum distance between the upper and lower
surfaces of the airfoil normal to the chord line. Span: Width of the airfoil.
• Angle of Attack: Angle between the chord line and the streamwise flow
direction.
• Zero Lift Angle of Attack: Angle of Attack that will
produce no lift. For our symmetric wedge this would be
an angle of attack of zero.
• Stall Angle of Attack: Angle of attack at which there is
maximum lift (or lift coefficient)
• Symmetric or Uncambered Airfoil: Upper and lower
surfaces are mirror images, which leads to the mean
camber line to be coincident with the chord line. A
symmetric airfoil will also have a just camber of zero.
• Cambered Airfoil: An asymmetric airfoil for which the
mean camber line will be above the chord line.
• Pitching Moment: Torque or moment created on the
wing due to net lift and drag forces. Tends to rotate the
leading edge either up or down.
• Center of Pressure: The moment reference center for which
the moment is zero. Depends on the angle of attack.
• Aerodynamic Center: The moment reference center for
which the moment does not vary with angle of attack.
• NACA Classification
Airfoils have been classified by the National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the forerunner of NASA,
and have been cataloged using a four digit code. Hence a
specific airfoil can be identified by NACA WXYZ
where
W: maximum camber as % of the chord length
X: Location of the maximum camber form the leading edge
along the chord line in tenths of chord length
Y&Z: Maximum thickness in % of the chord length
NACA Four-Digit Series:
• The first digit specifies the maximum camber (m)
in percentage of the chord (airfoil length)
• Second digit indicates the position of the
maximum camber (p) in tenths of chord,
• The last two numbers provide the maximum
thickness (t) of the airfoil in percentage of chord.
• For example, the NACA 2415 airfoil has a
maximum thickness of 15% with a camber of 2%
located 40% back from the airfoil leading edge
(or 0.4c).
NACA Five-Digit Series:
• The first digit, when multiplied by 3/2, yields the
design lift coefficient (cl) in tenths.
• The next two digits, when divided by 2, give the
position of the maximum camber (p) in tenths of
chord.
• The final two digits again indicate the maximum
thickness (t) in percentage of chord.
• For example, the NACA 23012 has a maximum
thickness of 12%, a design lift coefficient of 0.3,
and a maximum camber located 15% back from
the leading edge.
NACA 6-Series:
• One of the more common examples is the NACA
641-212, a=0.6.
• In this example, 6 denotes the series and indicates that
this family is designed for greater laminar flow than the
Four- or Five-Digit Series.
• The second digit, 4, is the location of the minimum
pressure in tenths of chord (0.4c).
• The subscript 1 indicates that low drag is maintained at lift
coefficients 0.1 above and below the design lift coefficient
(0.2) specified by the first digit after the dash in tenths.
• The final two digits specify the thickness in percentage of
chord, 12%.
NACA 7-Series:
An example is the NACA 747A315.
• The 7 denotes the series,
• The 4 provides the location of the minimum pressure on the
upper surface in tenths of chord (40%),
• The 7 provides the location of the minimum pressure on the
lower surface in tenths of chord (70%).
• The fourth character, a letter, indicates the thickness
distribution and mean line forms used.
• A series of standaradized forms derived from earlier families
are designated by different letters.
• Again, the fifth digit incidates the design lift coefficient in
tenths (0.3) and the final two integers are the airfoil thickness
in perecentage of chord (15%).

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