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Monocots and Dicots

This document discusses the key differences between monocots and dicots. It outlines that monocots have one cotyledon while dicots have two. Additionally, it notes that monocot leaves have parallel veins, stems have randomly scattered vascular tissue, and roots are fibrous. Dicot leaves have branched veins, stems have vascular tissue in a ring, and roots have a taproot. The document also provides examples of monocot and dicot flower, leaf, and stem structures.

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79 views24 pages

Monocots and Dicots

This document discusses the key differences between monocots and dicots. It outlines that monocots have one cotyledon while dicots have two. Additionally, it notes that monocot leaves have parallel veins, stems have randomly scattered vascular tissue, and roots are fibrous. Dicot leaves have branched veins, stems have vascular tissue in a ring, and roots have a taproot. The document also provides examples of monocot and dicot flower, leaf, and stem structures.

Uploaded by

Pau Cator
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Describe the external features of a


monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants,
2. Differentiate monocotyledonous and
dicotyledonous plants, and
3. Identify the different tissues present in the
roots, stems and leaves.
MONOCOTS AND DICOTS

• Monocots and Dicots are two major groups


of flowering plants, or Angiosperms
COTYLEDONS
• Monocots have only one single cotyledon while
dicots have two cotyledons.
LEAF VENATION
• The veins in the leaf of a monocot run
parallel while the veins in the leaf of a dicot
are branched and netlike.

Monocot Dicot
Leaf Leaf
STEMS
• The xylem and phloem in monocots stems are
more randomly scattered while in dicots they
are grouped in a ring.
ROOTS
• Monocots have fibrous roots while Dicots
have a tap root.
ROOTS (cont.)
• In Dicots the xylem makes an ‘x’ or ‘+’
shape in the endodermis while in Monocots
they are scattered in the endodermis.
FLOWERS
• The flowers of monocots are in parts of
threes while the dicots are in parts of fours
and fives.

Monocot Dicot
Flower Flower
REVIEW
Plant Body Organization
RECENT
PUBLISHED
RESEARCH
ABOUT PLANTS
Antiepileptic
Medicinal Plants
used in Traditional
Medicine to Treat
Epilepsy
Authors: E. Ngo Bum, G.S. Taiwe, F.C.O.
Moto, G.T. Ngoupaye, R.R.N. Vougat, V.D.
Sakoue, C. Gwa, E.R. Ayissi, C. Dong, A.
Rakotonirina and S.V. Rakotonirina
Date Published: September 15th 2011
INTRODUCTION
• Epilepsy is a disease that affects about 40 million people
worldwide (Njamshi et al., 2010). In 1968, the prevalence of
epilepsy in Africa was about 4.8 to 40 ‰. In 1996, Diop and
collaborators reported in Senegal a prevalence of epilepsy of 21
‰ (Diop et al., 1996).
• Cameroon is one of the countries most affected by epilepsy in
Africa and in the world. Thus, epilepsy is among the major public
health problems in Cameroon.
• In Africa and in Cameroon particularly, phytotherapy in
traditional medicine still plays an important role in the
management of diseases, mainly among populations with very
low income.
INTRODUCTION (cont.)
• Annona muricata Linn (Annonaceae), Annona senegalensis Pers (Annonaceae), Bidens
pilosa Linn (Asteraceae), Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam) Oken (Crassulaceae), Citrus
sinenis (Linn) Osbeck (Rutaceae), Clerodendron thomsoniae Balf (Verbenaceae),
Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch and Dalz (Caesalpiniaceae), Datura stramonium Linn
(Solanaceae), Detarium microcarpum Guil et Perr (Caesalpiniaceae), Euphorbia hirta
Linn (Euphorbiaceae), Flacourtia indica Willd (Flacourtiaceae), Hymenocardia acida Tul
(Hymenocardiaceae), Jatropha gossypiifolia Linn (Euphorbiaceae), Khaya senegalensis
A Juss (Desrousseaux) (Meliaceae), Mentha cordifolia Auct (Lamiaceae), Prosopis
Africana Guill and Perr (Taub) (Mimosaceae), Ricinus communis Linn (Euphorbiaceae),
Securidaca longepedunculata Fres (Polygalaceae), Senna singueana (Delile) Lock 1988
(Caesalpiniaceae), Terminalia glaucescens Planch. ex Benth (Combretaceae),
Terminalia mollis Laws (Combretaceae), Tetrapleura tétraptera Taub (Schum Thonn)
(Mimosaceae), Trichilia emetica Vahl (Meliaceae) and Vitellaria paradoxa C F Gaertn
(Sapotaceae) are plants that are being used empirically in traditional medicine in
Cameroon to treat epilepsy and diseases related to the brain like agitations, anxiety,
convulsions, dizziness, headaches, insomnia, migraines, pains and schizophrenia
according to our traditional Healers.
Table 1. Parts of the plant, form of the medicine and diseases treated in traditional medicine.

Name of the Part of the Form of the Diseases Chemical Pharmacologi Country
plant plant used medicine characterizati cal properties
on

Annona Leaves and Infusion Convulsions, Anticonvulsant Cameroon,


senegalensis Roots epilepsy, Central Africa,
sterility, West Africa,
diarrhea, South Africa
dysentery
Bidens pilosa Leaves Decoction Dizziness, Antihypertensi Cameroon,
migraines, ve Central
headaches, America
rheumatism
Tetrapleuratet Barks, Fruits, Decoction Convulsions, Saponins, Anticonvulsant Angola,
raptera and Roots epilepsy, tannins Cameroon,
Fevers, Sudan, West
malaria Africa, Central
Africa
Materials and Methods
Animals
• Adult male mice (Mus musculus Swiss; 22 2 g; 6 or 8 per
group) were used for this study. The animals were housed in
standard cages at 25°C, on a 12/12 h light-dark cycle. They
were supplied with food and water ad libitum.
Plant material
• A voucher specimen of each plant was authenticated by a
botanist, Professor Mapongmetsem Pierre Marie,
Department of Biological Sciences, University of
Ngaoundéré and deposited at the National Herbarium of
Cameroon in Yaoundé.
RESULTS
• The sedative properties found here could explain the use
of the twenty one plants in traditional medicine in Africa,
particularly in Cameroon in the treatment of insomnia.
The first eight more potent plants to induced sedation
were: Datura stramonium > Clerodendron thomsoniae >
Terminalia mollis > Trichilia emetica > Tetrapleura
tétraptera > Annona senegalensis > Securidaca
longepedunculata > Hymenocardia acida.
• Two plants, Citrus sinenis and Kaya senegalensis did not
show sedative properties.
RESULTS (cont.)
• Five plants (Flacourtia indica, Ricinus communis, Securidaca
longepedunculata, Senna singueana, Terminalia glaucescens)
showed very good anticonvulsant activities against PTZ, PIC
or INH induced seizures.
• Datura stramonium, Ricinus communis and Securidaca
longepedunculata were found toxic and therefore they are
not suitable to be used to treat people.
• The toxicity of Ricinus communis could be related to the
presence of a very toxic component named ricin (Iwu, 1993).
The toxicity of Datura stramonium could be related to its
delirants or anticholinergics compounds.
CONCLUSIONS
• The purported anticonvulsant and sedative properties of
the medicinal plants are scientifically shown. The
ethnopharmacological study on Cameroon
anticonvulsant and sedative medicinal plants is accurate
in 90% of cases.
• Many anticonvulsant plants also possess sedative
properties.
• Twenty one plants possess sedative properties, but only
eighteen plants could be used in traditional medicine in
Africa in the treatment of insomnia
CONCLUSIONS (cont.)
• Eighteen plants possess at least moderate anticonvulsant
effects, while five plants possess very good anticonvulsant
properties.
• However only twenty medicinal plants could be used in
the treatment of epilepsy. Three plants were found very
toxic.
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING
REFERENCES
• https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiV2YGs8rT0AhVXQd4KHcDhB8cQjhx6BAgBEAI&url=http
%3A%2F%2Fib.bioninja.com.au%2Fhigher-level%2Ftopic-9-plant-biology%2Funtitled-
3%2Fmonocots-versus-dicots.html&psig=AOvVaw042-k0EuM-
8w5E9EWWs_R6&ust=1637977031004224

• https://plantsgrowhere.com/blogs/education/monocots-vs-dicots-with-diagrams

• https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/growth-and-reproduction/plant-development-i-tissue-
differentiation-and-function/#:~:text=Such%20cells%20take%20on%20specific,contains%20all
%20three%20tissue%20types%3A&text=Vascular%20tissue%20is%20made%20of,conducting
%20tissues%3A%20xylem%20and%20phloem.

• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.intechopen.com/
chapters/
19739&ved=2ahUKEwiWxOj6gbX0AhWTet4KHadYAvAQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3V05XNkcny
YFZe0hT2FqNu

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