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Propositions and Logical Operators: General Mathematics

The document discusses propositions and logical operators in mathematics. It defines propositions as declarative sentences that are either true or false, and introduces common proposition variables like p, q, and r. The document also explains simple and compound propositions. Finally, it defines and provides truth tables for common logical operators like negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and bi-conditional.

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Ryan Charles Uminga Galiza
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459 views14 pages

Propositions and Logical Operators: General Mathematics

The document discusses propositions and logical operators in mathematics. It defines propositions as declarative sentences that are either true or false, and introduces common proposition variables like p, q, and r. The document also explains simple and compound propositions. Finally, it defines and provides truth tables for common logical operators like negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and bi-conditional.

Uploaded by

Ryan Charles Uminga Galiza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL MATHEMATICS

QUARTER 2 – Week 7

PROPOSITIONS AND
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Lesson 1: PROPOSITIONS

1. Declarative Sentence
- makes a statement of fact and gives information that generally ends with a full-
stop/period.

2. Imperative Sentence
- gives a command telling someone to do something or states a direction or request.

3. Interrogative Sentence
- asks a question of something or some information and always ends with a question
mark.

4. Exclamatory Sentence
- expresses strong emotions and ends with an exclamation point.
Lesson 1: PROPOSITIONS

Definition
 A proposition is a declarative sentence that is immediately
decidable whether it is true or false, but not both.

 A proposition
is usually denoted by variables or small letters. The
most common variables used are p, q, and r.
 Ifa proposition is true, then its truth value is true, which is denoted
by T; otherwise, if its truth value is false, denoted by F.
Lesson 1: PROPOSITIONS

Examples:
p: How is your online class?
q: 5 is a prime number.
r: Go and accomplish your module activities.
s: 3x + 2 = 8.
Lesson 1: PROPOSITIONS

Two types of propositions:


1. Simple proposition
- a proposition that conveys one thought with no connecting words.

2. Compound proposition
- contains two or more simple propositions that are put together using
connective words.
Logical Connectives: and, or, nor, if-then and if and only if
Lesson 1: PROPOSITIONS

Examples: Compound Propositions


Simple Propositions
p: 64 is both a perfect square and a
m: 8 is a perfect cube. perfect cube.
n: A square is a rectangle. q: Either logic is fun and
interesting, or it is boring.
Propositions Primitive Components

p
.
q
Lesson 2: LOGICAL OPERATORS

Definition:
- A truth table shows all possible truth values of a given proposition.

Truth Table of p

p - The truth table is used to define logical operators.


- the truth table is used to exhibit the relationship between its
T simple components' truth values and the given compound
propositions' truth values

F A truth table involving n propositions has rows.


Lesson 2: LOGICAL OPERATORS

Examples:
1. Suppose p and q are propositions 2. Suppose p, q and r, are propositions
number of rows: = number of rows: =
p q p q r
T T T
T T T T F
T F T
T F T F F

F T F
F
T
T
T
F
F F F F T
F F F
Lesson 2: LOGICAL OPERATORS

A. Negation
B. Conjunction
C. Disjunction
D. Conditional
E. Bi-conditional
Lesson 2: LOGICAL OPERATORS

A. Negation - is the simplest logical operator.


The negation of the proposition p is denoted by ~p (read as “not p”) and is defined
through its truth table
Truth Table
p ~p
- The truth table tells us that when p is true, its negation, ~𝑝, is false. On
the other hand, when p is false, the negation, ~𝑝 is true.
T F
F T
Lesson 2: LOGICAL OPERATORS

B. Conjunction - allows us to state an expression for two propositions to be true.


The conjunction of the propositions p and q, called conjuncts, is denoted by p ˄ q (read
as “p and q”) and is defined through its truth table
Truth Table
p q p^q

T T T The conjunction p ˄ q is true only when both


conjuncts p and q are true.
T F F
F T F
F F F
Lesson 2: LOGICAL OPERATORS

C. Disjunction - allows us to express alternatives.


The disjunction of the propositions p and q, called disjuncts, is denoted by p ˅ q (read
as “p or q”) and is defined through its truth table
Truth Table
p q pvq

T T T the disjunction p ˅ q is false only when both disjuncts


p and q are false.
T F T
F T T
F F F
Lesson 2: LOGICAL OPERATORS

D. Conditional
The conditional of the propositions p and q is denoted by p → q (read as “If p, then q”)
and is defined through its truth table
Truth Table
p q p→q

T T T The conditional p → q may also be read as “p implies


q.” The proposition p is the hypothesis, while the
T F F proposition q is the conclusion.
F T T
F F T
Lesson 2: LOGICAL OPERATORS

E. Bi-conditional - it is derived from two conditional propositions.


The bi-conditional of the propositions p and q is denoted by p ↔ q (read as “p if and
only if q”) and is defined through its truth table
Truth Table
p q p↔q

T T T The proposition may also be written as “p iff q.” The bi-


conditional's truth table tells us that its truth value is true when
T F F the truth values of p and q are the same.
F T F
F F T

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