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Introduction To Type Curves: Explanation and Calculation Procedure

The document provides an overview of type curve analysis, which uses graphical representations of theoretical flow equations to match production data from wells. It describes Fetkovich and Carter decline type curves, which plot normalized production rates and times, and how they can be used to analyze well production data and obtain information on reserves, permeability, and other flow characteristics by matching actual data to the curves. Procedures for decline curve analysis using each type of curve are also outlined.

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92 views19 pages

Introduction To Type Curves: Explanation and Calculation Procedure

The document provides an overview of type curve analysis, which uses graphical representations of theoretical flow equations to match production data from wells. It describes Fetkovich and Carter decline type curves, which plot normalized production rates and times, and how they can be used to analyze well production data and obtain information on reserves, permeability, and other flow characteristics by matching actual data to the curves. Procedures for decline curve analysis using each type of curve are also outlined.

Uploaded by

ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Type Curves

Explanation and Calculation Procedure


Type Curves
A type curve is a graphical representation of the theoretical
solutions to flow equations.
Type curve methods use log-log graph paper to match pre-
plotted theoretical solutions with actual production data.
Match can be found graphically by physical superposition of a
graph of actual test data on a similar graph of type curve.
Type curves are plots of theoretical solutions to transient and
pseudo-steady state flow equations.
They are represented in terms of :
 Dimensionless pressure,
 Dimensionless time
 Dimensionless radius
 Dimensionless wellbore storage
Type Curves
Information obtained from Type curve analysis
 Original gas in place
 Gas reserves at some abandonment conditions
 Flowing characteristics of individual wells

The type curve method does not include non-Darcy


effects.
Types of type curves
 Fetkovich Decline Type Curve
 Carter Decline Type Curve
Fetkovich Decline Type Curve
It is based on analytical solutions to the flow equations for
production at:
 Constant BHP
 From a well Centered in a circular reservoir
 Drainage area with no-flow boundaries
 Homogenous acting reservoir
Both the transient rate/time and cumulative production/time
type curves are characterized by a correlating parameter i.e.,
re/rwa (ration of the outer drainage radius to the apparent
wellbore radius).
Pseudo steady state flow regimes are characterized by the
Arps decline constant, b.
It can also be used for analyzing hydraulically fractured wells
Fetkovich Decline Type Curve
Fetkovich types curves are plotted in terms of
dimensionless variables. Specifically, the Fetkovich
rate/time type curves are plots of dimensionless rate vs
dimensionless time.

Similarly, the cumulate production/time type curves


are plots of dimensionless cumulative production vs
dimensionless time
Fetkovich Type Curve
For a well centered in a circular drainage area re is
defined by
re  A/  and rwa  rwes

For noncircular reservoir boundaries, the shape factor


rcan
wa be written
rw exp(  sCAas
)
where sC A is the pseudosteady  state skin factor based
on shape factors
sC A  ln C A.ref / C A.new
Procedure of DCA with the Fetkovich Type
Curve
1.Plot q(t) and Gp(t) vs t on log-log paper or tracing paper with the
same size logarithmic cycles as the Fetkovich type curve.
2.Match the cumulative production data to the best-fitting type
curve. Note that the cumulative production data plot often is much
smoother than the rate plot and therefore is easier to match to
determine the Arps decline constant.
3.Record values of the correlating parameters for transient and
boundary-dominated flow(i.e., re/rwa and b) from the match of the
cumulative production data. Next, force a fit of the rate/time data
with a type curve having the same values of re/rwa and b.
4.Select a rate match [q(t),qDd ]MP on the rate/time curve and
calculate formation permeability using equation given below.
Procedure of DCA with the Fetkovich Type
Curve
5. Calculate the initial suface gas flow rate, qi , at t=0
from the rate match point.
q i  [ q ( t ) / q Dd ] MP

6. While the data are in the matched position, seelect a


time match point (t,tDd )MP and calculate the intial
decline rate, D
Di.  ( t Dd / t ) MP
7. The reservoir pore volume (PV) in the drainage area
of the well at the beginning of boundary-dominated
flow, Vp , can be derived from the time and rate
match points.
Procedure of DCA with the Fetkovich Type
Curve
8. Calculate the skin factor from the re/rwa matching
parameter and values of A or re.

9. Extrapolate the rate/time curve into the future either


graphically along the same stem used to past
performance or algebraically by substituting the
chosen b value and calculated Di and qi values into
the Arps general decline equation.
Limitations of Fetkovich Type Curve
Developed only to model the flow of a slightly
compressible liquid.

Assumes that the liquid viscosity-compressibility product is


constant over the entire productive life of a well.

Valid for modeling liquid floe during both transient and


boundary dominated flow regimes.

Valid for oil and gas wells that are producing at constant
pressures.
Carter Decline Type Curve
The Carter type curve was developed specifically for
gas-well decline-curve analysis.

It considers the variation of the product of viscosity


and compressibility of gas with the average reservoir
pressure.

Carter correlated rate/time behavior during boundary-


dominated flow with a parameter,λ, defined
mathematically as,
Carter type Curve
Carter type curve is based on
 Finite-difference solutions to the radial gas flow equations for
production at constant BHP.
 Well-centered in a symmetrical reservoir
 Homogenous reservoir
The Carter type curve is a log-log plot of
dimensionless rate qD vs dimensionless time tD

The correlating parameter are λ and η defined as


Carter type curve
Where R = re/rwa

re  A/  and rwa  rwes

For radial flow in the reservoir R should exceed 30 and


following equation
2 [ 2 /( Ris2 
used
1)] to estimate α1
1 
ln( R )  0 . 75

1  1 
   
ln( R )  0 . 75 B1 
We can write η in terms of B and
1 R only during radial
flow 1   / 2
and  B1  2

For linear flow


Procedure of DCA with the Carter Type
Curve
1. Compute the pseudosteady-state flow correlating parameter λ

2. Plot the gas flow rate in Mscf/D vs t in days on tracing paper


with the same log cycles size as the carter type curves.
3. Match the production data on the Carter type curve with the
appropriate value of λ. Maintaining the data in the matched
position select rate [q(t).qD]MP and time (t,tD)MP match points.
In addition, choose a value for η from the early-time match.
4. With the value of η, read the corresponding value or R and
calculate B1.
Procedure of DCA with the Carter Type
Curve
5. Calculate permeability from the rate match point
using the definition of dimensionless flow rate. For
radial flow, estimate σ from graph and calculate
permeability by using equation.

6. If the drainage area or drainage area radius is known,


we can calculate the skin factor
Procedure of DCA with the Carter Type
Curve
7. Estimate the recoverable gas, Gr, when the average
reservoir pressure has reached the constant BHFP.

8. Extrapolate the future performance to the economic


limit of the well using the type curve chosen for the
match.

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