Scribd
Upload
65 views31 pages

1 Introduction

Uploaded by

husam khawaldeh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
65 views31 pages

1 Introduction

Uploaded by

husam khawaldeh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Medical Microbiology

Introduction

Dr. Walid Abu Rayyan , PhD


Basic Medical Sciences Dept.
Faculty of Science
Al-Balqa’ Applied University
Introduction
 How diseases occur and what causes them?
 Importance of understanding microbiology
 Difference between pathogens
 Clinical picture for different infections
 Investigations
 Prevention and treatment
Definition
 Micro - too small to be seen with the naked eye
 bio - life
 ology - study of
 Microorganisms are organisms that are too small
to be seen with the unaided eye.
 “Germ” refers to a rapidly growing cell.
Importance
 About 2000 microbes cause diseases
 10 billion infections/year worldwide
 13 million deaths from infections/year worldwide
Classification
 Unicellular or multicellular
 Eukaryotes or prokaryotes
 Pathogenic or non-pathogenic
 Categories
1. Bacteria Bacteriology
2. Protozoans Protozology
3. Algae Phycology
4. Parasites Parasitology
5. Fungi Mycology
6. Viruses Virology
Bacterial Shape and Organization

Bacilli Cocci Spiral


Description: multicellular animal parasites, engulfers and
absorbers

Types: flatworms , roundworms

Nutrient type: chemoheterotrophs

Diseases: trichinosis, hook worm,


tape worm, etc.
Description: viruses are not cells but some viruses do have lipid

envelopes (acellular), obligate intracellular parasites

Nutrient type: not applicable

Durable state: virion particles, some can encase in durable


state of host

Diseases: common cold, flu, HIV, herpes, chicken pox, etc.


Naming of Bacteria
Scientific nomenclature: each microbe name is composed of 2
parts
Genus: Noun and capital
Species: lower case
Both Italicized or underlined and can be briefed
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
Escherichia coli
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Eshcerich, and
describes the bacterium’s habitat, the large intestine or
colon
History
Aristole (350 BC) believed that living
things generate from non-living matters
“Spontaneous generation”
This belief remained unchallenged
for more than 2000 years.

Robert Hooke, 1665


Little boxes – cells
Cell theory – all living things are made up of cells
Francesco Redi, 1668
Meat exposed to flies became infested
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1674
1st person to actually see living
microorganisms

Wee animalcules
John Needham & Lazzaro Spallanzani
What causes tiny living things to
appear in decaying broth?
Needham’s
Spontaneous generation

Spallazani’s
Microbes come from the air
Boiling will kill them
Louis Pasteur, 1861
Infecting agents present in air
Fermentation and Pasteurization
Immunity and Vaccination
o Individuals who recover from an infectious
disease sometimes become immune from
future attack

o Pasteur try to find a way to prevent fowl cholera


in chickens

o Inoculation with these neglected cultures


made the chickens immune to fowl cholera
(The microbes had been weakened or
attenuated)

o Edward Jenner 1796, inoculated a person with


cowpox virus. The person was then protected
from smallpox (vaccination)
Robert Kock, 1876
o Experimented with medium to grow
bacteria
o Using agar (a gelatin-like product derived
from seaweed)
o Add various nutrients necessary to grow
certain organisms.
o He provided proof that a bacterium causes
anthrax (Koch’s postulates) used to prove
that a specific microbe causes a specific
disease
Robert Kock experiment
Koch’s postulates
 Pathogen must be present in all cases of disease
 Pathogen must be isolated and grown in lab in pure
culture
 Pathogen from pure cultures must cause disease when
inoculated into healthy, susceptible lab animal
 Same pathogen must be isolated from the diseased lab
animal
Joseph Lister used a chemical
disinfectant (Phenol) to prevent
surgical wound infections after
looking at Pasteur’s work
showing microbes are in the air
Discovery of Antimicrobial Agents
Gerhard Domagk, 1932

 Discovered that the dye Prontosil


was effective against a wide range of
bacteria

 Sulfanilamide portion of the


Prontosil molecule is responsible for
its antibacterial effect (sulfonamides
= sulfa drugs)
Alexander Fleming, 1928

 Observed that bacterial staphylococci


colonies disappearing on plates
contaminated with mold
 Fleming extracted the compound from
the mold responsible for destruction of
the bacterial colonies
 The product of the mold was named
penicillin, after the Penicillium mold
from which it was derived
Modern Microbiology and Emerging
Infectious Diseases
• Molecular biology
• Immunology
• Recombinant DNA and genetic engineering
• Laboratory Medicine and pathology
• Prevention and treatment
New pathogenic microorganism are discovered
• AIDS
• SARS
• New strains of E.coli O157:H7
Microorganisms are they Good or Bad?
Microbes Benefit to Humans

 Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle nutrients


back into the environment
 Microbes produce various food products
cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread, and alcohol
Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics
Bacteria synthesize chemicals that our body needs,
but cannot synthesize (Vitamin b and K)
 Normal microbial flora prevents potential pathogens
from gaining access to our body
 Using bacteria to control the growth of insects
 Using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic
wastes
 Bacteria can be manipulated to produce enzymes and
proteins they normally would not produce (insulin)
 Microbes form the basis of the food chain

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy