GLASS IONOMER CEMENT

Material Aspect

JAYASOORYAN SP
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION

 COMPOSITION

 SETTING REACTION

 ADHESION TO TOOTH STRUCTURE

 FLUORIDE RELEASE

 ROLE OF WATER

 CLASSIFICATION

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 MODIFICATIONS

 RECENT ADVANCES

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

 Introduction

 Wilson and Kent in 1972

 ADA Specification No. 66

 Other names
• Man-made Dentin
• Polyalkeonates
• Dentin substitute

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

• Combination of the powder of aluminosilicate cements with the liquid of
polycarboxylates - “aluminosilicate polyacrylic acid” (ASPA)

• Versatile material

• Only two cements - Polycarboxylates and Glass ionomers, have the property of
chemical adhesion to tooth (ionic bonds)

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

 Composition

Conventional GICs are usually available

• Powder

• Liquid

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

 JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

Manufacture of Powder

• Heated together at temperatures ranging from 1100°C to 1500°C, resulting

in a fused or sintered mass.

• Grounded to a fine powder of particle size ranging from 15 mm to 50 mm

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Liquid
• The polyacrylic acid is copolymerized with other unsaturated carboxylic
acids - itaconic, maleic, tartaric acid and tricarboxylic acids

• Molecular weight is 10,000 daltons

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

Tricarboxylic acids
Stabilize the liquid and increase its reactivity.

Itaconic acid/maleic acid

Reduces the viscosity of the liquid and inhibits gelation

Tartaric acid (5%–10%)

Improve the handling characteristics
Increases the working time and shortens the setting time

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

Mode of supply
1. Manual mixing – Powder and Liquid

2. Mechanical mixing - Capsulated and Twin syringe

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

Advantages of capsulated and twin syringe
• Proper proportioning
• Mechanical mixing ensure uniform mix
• Proper consistency
• Ease of placement

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

 Setting Reactions

The setting reaction of GIC is an acid–base reaction

• Dissolution

• Initial Setting

• Final Setting

• Maturation

JAYASOORYAN SP
1 year Post Graduate
st

Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics

Dissolution

• When the powder and liquid are mixed together, the acid attacks the glass particles
resulting in the release of Ca2+, Na+, SiO4,Al3+ and F− ions into the aqueous
medium
• 20-30 % glass decomposed by acid attack

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Initial setting – calcium cross linking

• The polyacrylic acid chains are cross-linked by Ca2+ ions during the initial setting
reaction in the first 4–10 minutes

• Ca – double charged, high bonding to glass – readily liberated by ion exchange with
H ions of acid – initial cross linking

• Carvable state

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Final setting – Al cross-linking

• Al takes part after 24 hrs, due to slower mobility, slower hydrolysis

• Displaces Ca – due to higher charge and stronger bonds –increases strength of the
cement

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Maturation Phase
• The Ca and Al polyacrylate cross-linked chains become hydrated over time with
water being present in the liquid - maturation
• Sodium and fluoride ions do not participate in the cross-linking of the cement.

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Role of water

• Water constitutes between 11% and 24% of the set cement.

• Initially serves as a reaction medium and then slowly hydrates the cross-
linked matrix, thereby increasing the strength of the mix

• During the initial setting, the water is loosely bound and can be easily
removed by desiccation
Hence apply varnish, cocoa butter, bonding agent to prevent water loss in

Cement

• As the setting continues, the same water hydrates the matrix and cannot be
removed, yielding a stable gel structure - tightly bound water

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Adhesion to tooth structure

Ca ions are taken up by the carboxylic

groups adjacent to the tooth to form
an ion-enriched layer composed of
calcium-poly alkeonate complexes
that are firmly bound to both enamel
and dentin

Shear bond strength ranges from 3–5

MPa

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 ROLE OF FLUORIDE

• Fluoride initially acts as flux, lowering fusion temperature, improving handling

properties, strength and translucency

• Antibacterial effect

• Fluoride during setting – complexes with Al to form ALF - prevents premature

complexing of Al with polyacid

• Later after setting – F in unbound state, sometimes replaces hydroxyl ions from HA
crystals to form Fluorapatite crystals .

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Fluoride release/recharge

• F ions migrate into surrounding saliva in presence of water, gets

accumulated in plaque pellicle complex

• F recharge – enhances by 0.02% of NaF for 2-5mins

Fluoride release Fluoride recharge

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
MIXING TIME
Should not exceed 30-40 seconds

SETTING TIME

TYPE 1 – 4-5mins

TYPE 2 – 7 mins

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Properties

Biological Properties
• Bioactive and biocompatible - initial pH 0.9-1.6 , increases within 20 minutes

• Mild pulpal response

• High molecular weight (30,000 – 50,000 daltons) prevents penetration of dentinal

tubules

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Physical properties

Compressive strength - 150 MPa (type II), 75 MPa (type I)

(more than zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate

Modulus of Elasticity – 3.5-9 - ½ of ZnP ( less stiff, more susceptible to

deformation)

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
• Enamel – 11.4 x 10¯ ⁶ /degree C
• GIC – 11 x 10¯ ⁶ /degree C
• Dentin – 8.3 x 10¯ ⁶ /degree C

Thermal diffusivity
• Enamel – 0.47 x 10¯ ⁶ mm²/sec
• Dentin - 0.18 x 10¯ ⁶ mm²/sec
• Type 1 – 0.15 x 10¯ ⁶ mm²/sec
• Type 2 – 0.19 x 10¯ ⁶ mm²/sec

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Solubility
• TYPE 1 – 1.25 wt%
• Type 2 – 0.4 wt%
(less soluble in clinical conditions when compared to ZnP & ZnPoly)

Radioopacity
• Conventional GICs less radiopaque
• Strontium replacing Ca without altering setting reaction – more radioopacity

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Esthetics
Gics are tooth-colored materials(cannot be considered as esthetic materials) -
lack translucency and are very opaque

Anticariogenicity

Free F ions in set GIC matrix

Action – Formation of fluorapatite - inhibition of enolase - preventing

glycolysis/ lactic acid production/carbohydrate metabolism

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
Properties

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 CLASSIFICATION

Proposed and modified by Wilson and McLean in 1988

• Type I: Luting and bonding cements – For cementation of inlays,

crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances

• Type II: Restorative cements

• Type III: Liners and bases

• Type IV: Pit and fissure sealants

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
According to Fuji

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
ADVANTAGES
• Chemical adhesion to the tooth structure

• Anticariogenic potential – fluoride release

• Biocompatibility

• Less shrinkage

• Co efficient of thermal expansion similar to dentin

• Resistant micro-leakage

• Tooth-colored restorative material

• GIC is considered to be the best restorative material in children because of its good marginal
integrity

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
DISADVANTAGES

• Inferior mechanical properties such as low tensile strength and fracture toughness

• Poor wear resistance

• Highly moisture sensitive

• Though it is tooth colored, it has poor esthetics

• Technique sensitive powder – liquid ratio and manipulation

• Not suitable for high stress bearing areas

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 Modifications

• Metal modified GIC

• Resin modifies GIC

• Compomer

• Highly viscous glass ionomers

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
HIGHLY VISCOUS GIC

• More larger particle size – 8 µm

• More p/l ratio for atraumatic restorations

• high strength and better physical

properties

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 METAL-MODIFIED GIC

Miracle Mix

• 8 parts cement powder to 1 part alloy

• 3:2 – P:L ratio

• Silver alloy admix

• To eliminate mercury

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 METAL-MODIFIED GIC

Advantages
• Better wear resistance
• Better compressive strength, fracture toughness
• radioopaque

Disadvantages
• Adhesion slightly reduced – due to Ag particles

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 RESIN MODIFIED GIC

• Resin and photoinitiators incorporated

• Maintain water balance, reduce moisture sensitivity

• Methacrylate resins added with photoinitiator to

powder

• Liquid – polyacrylic acid + 10% HEMA

• Cement - light cured - polymerization of HEMA starts,

thereby continuing acid- base reaction without hindrance

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 RESIN MODIFIED GIC

Properties
• Bonding better than conventional GIC
• Less irritant to pulp
• Fluoride release same
• Lower compressive strength but better tensile, fracture toughness
• 1% dimensional shrinkage due to resins
• Translucency better than conventional GIC

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 COMPOMERS

• Composite resin + glass ionomer

• Aluminosilicate glass added to composite – better mechanical and
chemical adhesion
• Minimal or no acid base reaction – traces of poly acrylic acid

Properties
• Superior to conventional gic but less to composites
• Fluoride release is less compared to conventional GIC

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
 RECENT ADVANCES

GIOMERS
• HYBRIDIZATION OF GIC + Composite

• Pre-reacted glass ionomer particles added

• Fully or surface pre- reacted (S-PRG / F-PRG)

• Esthetics , handling, properties better than conventional GICs

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
STRONTIUM IN GICS

• Replaces Calcium

• Better antibacterial effect

• Synergistic effect with fluoride

• Enhances remineralization

• More Fluorapatite

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
FIBER REINFORCED GICS

• Alumina, Carbon, Si Nitride, E glass fibers added as fillers

• More depth of cure

• Reduced shrinkage

• Improved wear resistance

• 4.5 times more flexural strength

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
NANOPARTICLE INCORPORATED GICS

• Nano HA and Nano FA added

• Improves bonding to dentin , mechanical properties, chemical

stability

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics
THANK YOU

Jayasooryan Sp
Post Graduate
Dept of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics