Chapter

Gases 2
COURSE NAME: CHEMISTRY 101
COURSE CODE: 402101-4
Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere

1
 Physical Characteristics of Gases

• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.

• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

NO2 gas 2
 Force
Pressure = Area

(force = mass x acceleration)

Units of Pressure

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa

3
Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures

closed-tube open-tube

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5
 Boyle’s Law

P  1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 Constant amount of gas
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A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a
pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas (in
mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant temperature to 154
mL?
P x V = constant
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P1 = 726 mmHg P2 = ?
V1 = 946 mL V2 = 154 mL

P2 = P1 x V1 726 mmHg x 946 mL = 4460 mmHg

=
V2 154 mL

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Variation in Gas Volume with Temperature at Constant Pressure

As T increases V increases 7
Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature at Constant Pressure

Charles’ Law

VT Temperature must be in Kelvin

V = constant x T T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15

V1/T1 = V2 /T2 8
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C.
At what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if
the pressure remains constant?
V1 /T1 = V2 /T2

V1 = 3.20 L V2 = 1.54 L
T1 = 398.15 K T2 = ?
T1 = 125 (0C) + 273.15 (K) = 398.15 K
V2 x T1 1.54 L x 398.15 K
T2 = = = 192 K
V1 3.20 L

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 Avogadro’s Law
V  number of moles (n) Constant temperature
Constant pressure
V = constant x n
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

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11
 Real Gas Equation
1
Boyle’s law: P (at
V constant n and T)
Charles’ law: V  T(at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V n(at constant P and T)

nT
V
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P

PV = nRT
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12
The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).

Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal

gas occupies 22.414 L.

PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)

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What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl at STP?

T = 0 0C = 273.15 K

P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
V= 36.45 g HCl
P
L•atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 mol•K
x 273.15 K
V=
1 atm
V = 30.7 L
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 Density (d) Calculations

m PM m is the mass of the gas in g

d= =
V RT M is the molar mass of the gas

Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance

dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P

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A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm and 27.0
0
C. What is the molar mass of the gas?

dRT m 4.65 g g
M= d= = = 2.21
P V 2.10 L L

g L•atm
2.21 x 0.0821 mol•K
x 300.15 K
L
M=
1 atm

M = 54.5 g/mol

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 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
V and T are constant

P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2

16
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.
nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB n A + nB

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi ) =
nT
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A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4, 0.421
moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the total pressure of
the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the partial pressure of propane
(C3H8)?

Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm

0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116

Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm

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 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from each other by
distances far greater than their own dimensions. The molecules can be
considered to be points; that is, they possess mass but have negligible
volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions, and they
frequently collide with one another. Collisions among molecules are
perfectly elastic.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one
another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at the same
temperature will have the same average kinetic energy

KE = ½ mu2
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Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Compressibility of Gases
• Boyle’s Law
P  collision rate with wall
Collision rate  number density
Number density  1/V
P  1/V
• Gay-Lussac’s Law
P  collision rate with wall
Collision rate  average kinetic energy of gas molecules
Average kinetic energy  T
PT

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21
Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another by nature of their kinetic properties.


r1 M2
=
r2 M1

molecular path
NH4Cl

NH3 HCl
17 g/mol 36 g/mol
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Gas effusion is the is the process by which gas under pressure escapes
from one compartment of a container to another by passing through a small
opening.


r1 t2 M2
= =
r2 t1 M1

Nickel forms a gaseous compound of the formula Ni(CO)x What is the value
of x given that under the same conditions methane (CH4) effuses 3.3 times
faster than the compound?
r1 2
r1 = 3.3 x r2 M2 = (r )
2
x M1 = (3.3)2 x 16 = 174.2
M1 = 16 g/mol 58.7 + x • 28 = 174.2 x = 4.1 ~ 4 23

22
Van der Waals equation
nonideal gas

an
( P + V2 )(V – nb) = nRT
2
}
}

corrected corrected
pressure volume

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Question 1 Question 3
A sample of gas occupies 2.78 x 103 mL at 25oC and
Calculate the density of nitrogen gas, in
760 mm Hg. What volume will the gas sample occupy
grams per liter, at STP.
at the same temperature and 475 mm Hg?
A) 0.625 g/L
A) 0.130 L
B) 0.800 g/L
B) 1.04 L
C) 1.25 g/L
C) 1.74 L
D) 2.50 g/L
D) 4.45 L
E) None of the above
E) None of the above

Question 2 Question 4
A gas evolved during the fermentation of
A steel tank contains carbon dioxide at a pressure of
alcohol had a volume of 19.4 L at 17oC and
13.0 atm when the temperature is 34oC. What will be
746 mm Hg. How many moles of gas were
the internal gas pressure when the tank and its
collected?
contents are heated to 100oC.
A) 1.25 mol
A) 38.2 atm
B) 0.800 mol
B) 9.40 atm
C) 10.5 mol
C) 10.7 atm
D) 13.6 mol
D) 15.8 atm
E) None of the above E) 608 mol 24
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Question 5 Question 7
How many grams of carbon dioxide are contained in An organic compound was analyzed and found to
contain 55.8% C, 7.03% H, and 37.2% O. A 1.500 g
550 mL of this gas at STP?
sample of the compound was vaporized and found to
A) 0.0245 g occupy 530 cm3 at 100oC and 740 torr. Which of the
following is the correct molecular formula of the
B) 0.0280 g
compound?
C) 1080 g A) C2H3O

D) 0.560 g B) C6H4O2

C) C3H2O
E) 1.1 g
D) C4H6O2

E) C2H3O2
Question 6
A 1.325 g sample of an unknown vapor occupies 368
mL at 114oC and 946 mm Hg. The empirical formula of Question 8
the compound is NO2. What is the molecular formula of What volume of chlorine gas at 646 torr and 32 oC
the compound? would be produced by the reaction of 14.75 g of MnO 2
A) NO2 according to the following chemical equation?
MnO2(s) + 4 HCl(aq) ----> MnCl2(aq) + Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
B) N4O8 A) 5.00 L

C) N3O6 B) 0.170 L

C) 2.33 L
D) N2O4
D) 0.200 L
E) N5O10
E) None of the above
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Question 9 Question 11
A mixture of neon, argon, and xenon had a total
Which of the following correctly identifies Boyle's law?
pressure of 1560 mm Hg at 298 K. The mixture was A) PV=k1
found to contain 1.50 mol Ne, 2.65 mol Ar, and 1.75 mol
Xe. What is the partial pressure of Xe? B) V=k2T
A) 701 mm Hg
B) 658 mm Hg
Question 12
C) 396 mm Hg
The magnitude of one Kelvin, one Celsius degree, and one
D) 463 mm Hg degree on the absolute temperature scale is the same.
A) True
E) None of the above
B) False

Question 10 Question 13
Deviations from the ideal gas law are smaller at: The Kelvin temperature scale is useful when comparing:
A) low temperatures and high pressures A) various gas samples at different densities

B) volume of a gas sample with temperature at

constant pressure
B) low temperatures and low pressures
C) pressure of gas samples at different volumes
and constant temperature
C) high temperatures and high pressures
D) various liquids at constant pressure

D) high temperatures and low pressures

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Question 14 Question 15
Which of the following is not an
assumption of the kinetic theory of A sample of CO2(g) has a
gases? volume of 2L at pressure P
A) Elasticity refers to the and temperature T. If the
molecules random interactions resulting in
no net energy change. pressure becomes triple the
B) Gas molecules are viewed as
original value, at the same
points due to large distances between absolute temperature, the
them. volume of CO2 will be
C) Gas molecules can attract
other gas molecules. a.L c. L
D) Temperature in Kelvin and b. 6L d. 2 L
average kinetic energy are proportional.

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