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Inductive sensors use electromagnetic induction to detect metallic objects. An inductive sensor has a coil that produces a magnetic field. When a metallic object enters the field, it alters the coil's inductance, producing a detectable change in frequency or current. This change can be used to trigger an external circuit. Inductive sensors can operate in wet or dirty conditions since they detect only metals. Common applications include proximity sensors, traffic sensors, and metal detectors.

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61 views40 pages

S1 Slo1

Inductive sensors use electromagnetic induction to detect metallic objects. An inductive sensor has a coil that produces a magnetic field. When a metallic object enters the field, it alters the coil's inductance, producing a detectable change in frequency or current. This change can be used to trigger an external circuit. Inductive sensors can operate in wet or dirty conditions since they detect only metals. Common applications include proximity sensors, traffic sensors, and metal detectors.

Uploaded by

Vidhyalakshmi M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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18ECO134T – Sensors and

Transducers
Unit II : Session 1 : SLO 1

SRM Institute of Science and Technology 1


Introduction to Inductive Sensor-Basic Concept
● uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect or measure objects
● An inductor develops a magnetic field when a current flows through it; alternatively, a current
will flow through a circuit containing an inductor when the magnetic field through it changes.
This effect can be used to detect metallic objects that interact with a magnetic field.
● Non-metallic substances such as liquids or some kinds of dirt do not interact with the magnetic
field, so an inductive sensor can operate in wet or dirty conditions.
● One form of inductive sensor drives a coil with an oscillator.
● A metallic object approaching the coil will alter the inductance of the coil, producing a change in
frequency or a change in the current in the coil.
● These changes can be detected, amplified, compared to a threshold and use to switch an
external circuit.
● The coil may have a ferromagnetic core to make the magnetic field more intense and to
increase the sensitivity of the device.
● A coil with no ferromagnetic core ("air core") can also be used, especially if the oscillator coil
must cover a large area.
● Another form of inductive sensor uses one coil to produce a changing magnetic field, and a
second coil (or other device) to sense the changes in the magnetic field produced by an object,
for example, due to eddy currents induced in a metal object
Application-Proximity sensor
Application-Induction loop Traffic sensors
Application
Terms to know

● Magnetic field -is a region where magnetic poles and moving charges experience a force
● Magnetic flux -measurement of how much magnetic field passes through an area.Magnetic flux
shows the quantity or strength of magnetic lines produced by the magnet.Magnetic flux is a
scalar quantity
● Magnetic field strength (H) is the magnetising force. This magnetising force is directly
proportional to current carried by the conductor and length of conductor.
● Magnetic flux density(B) is a vector quantity.It is the amount of magnetic force induced on the
given body due to the magnetising force H. The amount of magnetic force induced depends
upon the strength of H and the nature of medium of the given body.
Reluctance-the opposition offered in a magnetic circuit to magnetic flux

Mutual Inductance-When two coils are brought in proximity with each other the magnetic field in one
of the coils tend to link with the other. This further leads to the generation of voltage in the second
coil. This property of a coil which affects or changes the current and voltage in a secondary coil is
called Mutual Inductance

Eddy currents - are loops of electrical current induced within conductors by a changing magnetic
field in the conductor according to Faraday's law of induction
Inductive Sensor
The inductive sensor is based on Faraday's law of induction.

The temporal variations of the Magnetic Flux through a N turns circuit will induce a voltage e which follows:

which can be expressed in a simpler way:

by assuming that the induced magnetic field B is homogeneous over a section S (the Magnetic flux will be expressed

=B X S
Parts of an Inductive Sensor
● Ferromagnetic Core
● Ferromagnetic Armature
● Air Gap
Reluctance
The Total Reluctance is given by
The two most common methods of achieving variation in inductance are

(i) by changing the reluctance of the magnetic path and

(ii) by coupling two or more elements.

The latter technique works by

(a) change of mutual inductance,

(b) change of eddy current when one element is just a short-circuited sleeve, and

(c) transformer action


(a) change of reluctance of magnetic path, (b) change of mutual inductance
between two coils, (c) change of mutual inductance between a coil and a sleeve,
(d) (i) and (ii) transformer action.
Types

Inductive sensors of

(i) the electromagnetic type which are bilateral in operation with electrical and mechanical
input/output relationship and (ii) the magnetostrictive Type
A coil is an essential part of inductive transducers

The coil may be wound on a metal (iron) core or an air core.

In the variable reluctance type,

the core is a ferromagnetic material as also the armature.

This type of sensors are, perhaps, the most extensively used because it (i) is the most sensitive one,
(ii) is least affected by external fields as the air gap is least, and (iii) requires less number of turns
than in air core design for same value of inductance so that interwinding or self-capacitance and
stray effects are less.
n-Number of turns

I=Current

l=corelength

H=Field strength

L=Self Inductance

(2.16)
From eq.2.16

Copper Resistance is given by

Coil Dissipation Factor is given by

The Depth of Penetration of Eddy current is given by


Eddy loss resistance is given by

This Equation is simplified using eq(2.18) and eq.(2.21) as


Eddy loss Dissipation factor is given by

The Area within the Hysteresis Curve is given by


The Total Hysteresis law is given by
The Rayleigh’s constant is given by
The Hysteresis Dissipation factor is given by
The Effective Permeability is given by

Where,l is the total path length and lg is the Gap length


The Impedence is calculated by
APPLICATIONS
● Search coil magnetometer
● Inductive proximity sensor
● Metal detectors
● Traffic lights
● Car washes
● Many automated industrial processes.

The sensor does not require physical contact it is particularly useful for applications where access
presents challenges or where dirt is prevalent

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