Lesson 2

MECHANICAL DRAWING
Definition:A graphic representation of objects or structures made or
drawn with the use of the necessary drawing tools and instruments.

Adjustable Head T-square

1.Fixed Head T-square
2.Straightedge
This is used to horizontal lines
and to aid triangles in making A straightedge or straight edge
vertical and inclined lines.
is a tool used for drawing straight
lines or checking their straightness.
Its main parts are the head
If it has equally spaced markings
and the blade.
DRAWING along its length, it is usually called a
ruler.

INSTRUMENTS  
 3. Triangles
b.45° x 45° 4.Ruling Pen
a. 30° x 60°
Used in inking lines and arcs.
Used as a guide in drawing vertical
and inclined lines.

6.Divider
5.Compass Used for transferring measurements from one position to
Compass Adaptor
another or dividing lines into some number of equivalent
sections.
Used in drawing circles and arcs in pencil.
 8.Scale or Rule

7.Drawing board/Drafting Table

Generally, the tabletop is b.Steel tape/ Measuring tape/ Tape measure

sometimes called the drawing board,
a.Flat
where the work is fastened, and the
Used for laying distances and
drawing is made.
for making a measurement,
whether the full size of
in proportion to full size.
Commonly used scales
include the architect scale,
9.Erasing Shield d. Architect’s Scale mechanical, and the
c.Zigzag
civil engineer’s scale.
A thin plate (as of metal or celluloid) with
holes usually of several sizes used to
confine an erasure to a limited area
 12.French Curve or Irregular Curve
10.Protractor 11.Drawing Ink
Used in measuring or setting off Used for drawing curves where
angles other than those obtained Composed briefly of carbon in the radius of characters is not
with the triangles. colloidal suspension and gum. constant.
The line articles of carbon give
the deep black luster to the ink,
and the gum makes it waterproof
and quick to dry.

13.Drawing Templates 14.Drafting Tape

Used to draw shapes of detail
Drafting tape can also be used in
such as furniture, electrical symbols,
plumbing symbol, an outline of tool technical drawing to help in keeping
and equipment. the paper well positioned.
Leaving no residue behind.
 
 16.Mechanical Pencil
A pencil with a plastic or
metal case and a thin 17.Lettering Guide/Template
15.Technical Pen
A specialized instrument used by an engineer, replaceable lead that may
be extended as the point A lettering guide is a device used
architect, or drafter to make lines of
is worn away by twisting to create uniform hand lettering
constant width for architectural,
the outer casing. in architectural or engineering
engineering, or technical drawings.
  drawings.

18.Eraser
An object, typically a piece of
soft rubber or plastic, used to
rub out something written.
b.“Leroy” Lettering Scribe/
Guide
 21.Pencil
20.Pencil Sharpener Hard – use for construction lines
19.Drawing Paper
A pencil sharpener is a device on the technical drawing.
A paper specially prepared
for sharpening a pencil’s writing  ex.H
for the use of drawers
point by shaving away its worn Medium – used for general
(such as draftsman or
surface. Pencil sharpener may use for technical drawing.
sketchers).
be operated manually The harder grades are for
or by an electric motor. instrument drawing, and the softer
  is for sketching.
 F
Soft – use for technical sketching
and artwork but are too soft for
instrumental drawing.
 B,E
Line Terminologies
 • Line
A line is a straight one-dimensional figure having no thickness and
extending infinitely in both directions.
• Straight Line
Mostly just a line with no curves.
• Horizon Line
The imaginary line that separates the sky and the sea or the sky and
land.
• Horizontal Line
A line parallel with the horizon and is drawn from left to right in
mechanical drawing.
 • Vertical Line
A line level to a plumb line and is always at right angles with the
horizontal line.
• Inclined Line
It is neither horizontal nor vertical.

Curved Lines No part of which is

straight.
• Parallel Lines
• Lines that are equal distance apart throughout their entire length and
will never meet, even extended.

• Intersecting Lines
Lines that share exactly one point.
 • Perpendicular Lines
Lines that are right angles with each other.

Right Lines
All straight lines are classified as right lines.
 
Mixed Lines
Combination of straight and curved lines.
• Kinds of Lines 
• Right line
• Mixed line
• Curved line
 
• Kinds of Straight Lines 
• Horizontal line
• Vertical line
• Inclined line
 
• Movement of Straight Lines 
• Horizontal Lines – drawn from left to right.
• Vertical Lines – drawn from top to bottom
• Inclined Lines to the right – top to bottom.
• Inclined Lines to the Left – bottom to top.
 
Alphabet of lines – line symbols used in
technical drawings
• Definition of Terms 
• Line weight is the thickness of the line.
• Construction lines and guidelines are very light, easily erased lines
used to block in the main layout.
• Visible lines are the edges or "outlines" of an object. They are drawn
as solid lines with a thick/heavyweight.
• All other lines contrast with the visible lines by having either a thinner
weight and/or a combination of dashes.
• Three Weights of Lines
• Thick of heavy lines
• Border line
• Visible line
• Short break line
• Cutting plane line

• Medium Lines
• Invisible or hidden line
• Ditto or repeat line
 
• Thin or Light lines
• Center line
• Section line
• Dimension line
• Long break line
• Phantom line
• Projection line
• Leaders or pointers
• Extension Line
Uses and Characteristics of the Line
 
TYPE OF LINE APPLICATION DESCRIPTION
 BORDER LINE
A heavy continuous line used to
enclose or frame a finished
drawing to give the appearance
thick
of completeness.

Medium weight short dash line

DITTO OR REPEAT LINE drawn in pairs. It is used to show
repeated features or design.

Made of long thin dashes, it is

used to show the relationship
PROJECTION LINE between views.

https://images.app.goo.gl/749w7FhW1hDiuBL8A
Hierarchy of Lines

If lines happen to overlap, then there is a hierarchy to which the lines show up.
The hierarchy of lines is as follows:
• Object or visible line
• Hidden line
• Cutting Plane line
• Center line
• Break line
• Dimension and Extension lines
• Sectioning lines
• Figure below shows technical drawing lines that describe a piece of
machinery with a swinging arm.
 
• All "bent arrow" lines with notes are the LEADERS.
• The use of the CUTTING PLANE LINE is to show the SECTION.
• The VIEWING PLANE LINE to show an additional view.
• The jagged BREAK LINE used to indicate that this is only part of the
object.
• The PHANTOM LINES show where the arm swings while the HIDDEN
LINE allows you to see through the object/machine.
• End of lecture
1. Long quiz next week
• General Directions:
• 1. scope of exam
• A. lettering
• B. mechanical drawing
• C. alphabet of lines
2. Plates 11,12,13 will be posted after the quiz
3. Quiz will be uploaded before the date of exam