Introduction

Data Management
21AD2102
 Agenda:

• History of Database systems

• Basic Terminology
• Approaches to store data
• File based Approach
• Problems with traditional Approach
• Database Approach
• Operations on database
• Database Characteristics
• Differences between File and Database Approaches
• Advantages & Disadvantages of DBMS
History of Database Systems

• 1950s and early 1960s:

– Data processing using magnetic tapes for storage
• Tapes provide only sequential access
– Punched cards for input
• Late 1960s and 1970s:
– Hard disks allow direct access to data
– Network and hierarchical data models in widespread use
– Ted Codd defined the relational data model
• Won the ACM Turing Award for this work
• IBM Research began System R prototype
• UC Berkeley began Ingres prototype
– High-performance (for the era) transaction processing
Basic Terminology

• Database: A collection of related data.

• Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.
• Mini-world: Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a
database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a university.
• Database Management System (DBMS): A software package/ system to
facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized database.
• Database System: The DBMS software together with the data itself.
Sometimes, the applications are also included.
Approaches to There are two approaches for storing data in
computers:

store data File-based approach.

Database-approach.
File Based Approach

• A filesystem is a method for storing and organizing computer files and the
data they contain to make it easy to find and access them.
• File systems may use a storage device such as a hard disk or CD ROM and
involve maintaining the physical location of the files.
• Programmers used programming languages such as COBOL, C++ to write
applications that directly accessed files to perform data management
services and provide information for users.
University Database
in File Based System
Problems in traditional approach

Data Security
Data Redundancy
Data Isolation
Program / Data Dependence
Lack of Flexibility
Concurrent Access Anomalies
Database Approach

• A database is a computer-based record keeping system where over all

purpose is to record and maintain information.

• The database is a single, large repository of data, which can be used

simultaneously by many departments and users.
 Database:
The related information when placed is an organized form, then it is
called a database.

It can also defined as

Specifying datatypes, structures and constraints of the data to be
stored.
University Database in Database based System
Operations on Databases

• To add new information

• To view or retrieve the stored information
• To modify or edit the existing
• To remove or delete the unwanted information
• Arranging the information in a desired order etc.
Characteristics of the Database Approach

 Self-describing nature of a database system:

◦ A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular database (e.g. data
structures, types, and constraints)
◦ The description is called meta-data.
◦ This allows the DBMS software to work with different database applications.
 Insulation between programs and data:
◦ Called program-data independence.
◦ Allows changing data structures and storage organization without having to change
the DBMS access programs
Characteristics of the Database
Approach

• Data Abstraction:
• A data model is used to hide storage details and present the users with a
conceptual view of the database.
• Programs refer to the data model constructs rather than data storage
details
• Support of multiple views of the data:
• Each user may see a different view of the database, which describes
only the data of interest to that user
Characteristics of the Database
Approach

 Sharing of data and multi-user transaction processing:

◦ Allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve from and to update the
database.
◦ Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is
correctly executed or aborted
◦ Recovery subsystem ensures each completed transaction has its effect
permanently recorded in the database
◦ OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of database applications.
This allows hundreds of concurrent transactions to execute per second
Ways of storing data in files & Database
related to customer data
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Difference Between File and DBMS Operations
File system Interface DBMS Interface

End User End User

Application Programs Application Programs

Interface through Query (SQL)

Interface through high level language
SELECT * FROM Customer_Details
READ CUSTOMER_DETAILS-FILE AT END
STOP RUN
DBMS

Operating System Operating System

(Disk Manager, File Manager) (Disk Manager, File Manager)

Customer_Details file Customer_Details table

Customer_Loan file Customer_Loan table

File System (Disk Storage) Database(Disk Storage)

 Database Management System
(DBMS)

• DBMS, A database management system is the software system that allows

users to define, create and maintain a database and provides controlled
access to the data.
• A database management system (DBMS) is basically a collection of
programs that enables users to store, modify, and extract information
from a database as per the requirements.
Advantages of DBMS

• Integrity can be enforced: Integrity of data means that data in database is

always accurate, such that incorrect information cannot be stored in
database
• Controlling Redundancy: Duplication of data is almost avoided but not
completely.
• Inconsistency can be avoided: When the same data is duplicated and
changes are made at one site, which is not propagated to the other site, it
gives rise to inconsistency and the two entries regarding the same data
will not agree
Other Advantages

• Data can be shared.

• Data Independence.
• Concurrent access.
• Recovery from crashes.
• Providing Backup and Recovery.
• Restricting unauthorized access.
• Solving enterprise requirement than individual requirement
Disadvantages of DBMS

• Complexity Size Performance.

• Higher impact of a failure.
• Cost of DBMS.
• Additional Hardware costs Cost of Conversion.