CLASS X –CHEMISTRY

CHAPTERNO:3
Metals and Non-metals
Dr Viswanath Reddy
SSIS - Koppal
 Properties of Metals

PROPERTIES EXCEPTIONS
1. Generally solids MERCURY IS A LIQUID
2. Hard Lithium , Sodium are soft
3. Malleable and ductile (gold is the most
ductile metal)
4. Good conductors of heat and electricity (silver &
copper is the best conductor)
5. Metallic lusture
6. Sonorous
7. High m.P and b.P Gallium and cesium have
very low m.p –melts in the palm

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 Properties of Non-metals
PROPERTIES EXCEPTIONS

1. GENERALLY SOLIDS OR • Bromine is a liquid

GASES • Diamond- an allotrope of carbon is
2. SOFT the hardest substance
3. BRITTLE
4. BAD CONDUCTOR OF HEAT • Graphite is a good conductor
AND ELECTRICITY • Iodine shows lusture
5. NO LUSTURE

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 Chemical
Properties of
Metals
 Reaction with Air/Oxygen

❖ Almost all metals combine with oxygen to form metal oxides.

⮚ Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
❖ metal oxides are basic in nature.
❖ But some metal oxides show both acidic as well as basic behaviour-
Amphoteric oxides.
⮚ Such metal oxides react with both acids as well as bases to produce salts and
water.
✔ Eg-Al2O3, ZnO

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❖ Most metal oxides are insoluble in water

❖ But some of the metal oxides dissolve in water to form alkalis

⮚ Eg-Sodium oxide , Potassium oxide

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 Relative reactivity of Metals towards
Oxygen
❖ All metals do not react with
oxygen at the same rate.
⮚ potassium and sodium react so
vigorously that they catch fire if
kept in the open.
✔ Hence, to protect them and to
prevent accidental fires, they
are kept immersed in kerosene
oil.

4Na(s)+O2(g)→2Na2O(s)

4K(s)+O2(g)→2K2O(s)

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 Relative reactivity of Metals towards
Oxygen
⮚ At ordinary temperature, the surfaces magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead, etc.,
are covered with a thin layer of oxide.
✔ The protective oxide layer prevents the metal from further oxidation.

2 Mg(s) + O2 (g) —–> 2MgO(s)

4Al(s) + 3 O2 (g) —-> 2 Al2O3 (s)
2 Zn(s) + O2 (g) —–> 2ZnO(s)
2 Pb(s) + O2 (g) —–> 2PbO(s)

⮚ Iron does not burn on heating but iron filings burn vigorously when sprinkled in
the flame of the burner.

⮚ Copper does not burn, but the hot metal is coated with a black
coloured layer of copper oxide.

⮚ Silver and gold do not react with oxygen even at high temperatures
 they do not lose electrons more easily, hence they are least reactive.

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 Reaction with Water
❖ Metals react with water to produce a metal oxide and hydrogen

❖ Metal oxides that are soluble in water dissolve to form metal

hydroxide.

⮚ Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen

⮚ Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide

⮚ Most of the metals do not react with water. However, alkali metals
react vigorously with water.

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 Relative reactivity of Metals towards water

❖ Potassium and Sodium react violently with cold water.

⮚ the reaction is so violent and exothermic that the evolved
hydrogen immediately catches fire.
K + H2O ⇨ KOH + H2

Na + H2O ⇨ NaOH + H2

❖ The reaction of calcium with water is less violent.

⮚ The heat evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire.
⮚ Calcium starts floating
✔ the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of the metal.

Ca + 2H2O ⇨ Ca(OH)2 + H2

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 Relative reactivity of Metals towards water

❖ Magnesium does not react with cold water. It reacts with

hot water
⮚ form magnesium hydroxide and hydrogen.
⮚ It also starts floating

Mg + H2O ⇨ MgO + H2

❖ Aluminium, iron and zinc do not react either with cold or

hot water.
⮚ they react with steam to form the metal oxide and hydrogen.
2Al + 3H2O ⇨ Al2O3 + 2H2
3Fe + 4H2O ⇨ Fe3O4 + 4H2
Zn + H2O ⇨ ZnO + H2

❖ lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with water

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 Reaction with Acids

❖ Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid => magnesium chloride + hydrogen gas

(Mg + 2HCl => MgCl2 + H2)

Magnesium + sulphuric acid = magnesium sulphate + hydrogen

(Mg + H2SO4 => MgSO4 + H2)

Iron + sulfuric acid = iron sulfate + hydrogen

(Fe + H2SO4 => FeSO4 + H2)

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 Reaction with Acids
❖ Hydrogen gas is not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid.

⮚ It is because HNO3 is a strong oxidising agent.

⮚ It oxidises the H2 produced to water and itself gets reduced to any of the
nitrogen oxides (N2O, NO,NO2).
Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O

⮚ But magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) react with very dilute HNO3
to evolve H2 gas.

Mg + HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2

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 Reaction with Other Metal salt
solution
❖ A more reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from its solution
⮚ Metal A + Salt solution of B → Salt solution of A + Metal B

CuSO4  (aq) + Zn (s) —-> Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq)

Blue colour  Reddish brown  colourless

Fe (s) + CuSO4  (aq) ——> FeSO4  (aq) + Cu (s)

         blue                        green            reddish-brown

2Al (s) + 3CuSO4  (aq) ——> Al2(SO4)3  (aq) + 3Cu (s)

         aluminium                             aluminium sulphate

❖ Displacement reaction can be used to determine the relative reactivity

of Metals

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 Reactivity Series
❖ Metals arranged in the decreasing order of their reactivities

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 Why Inert Gases are Inert?
❖ The outer most shell of noble/inert gases contain 8 electrons
(except He)

❖ No other elements have 8 electrons in their valence shell

❖ The configuration of 8 electrons is very stable which makes the

noble gases inert
⮚ The configuration of 8 electron is known as octet

❖ Atoms of other elements attains stability if they get 8 electrons in

their outermost shell

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 How ‘Na’ attains stability

❖ ‘Na’ will loose one electron from its outer most shell

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 How ‘Cl’ attains stability

❖ ‘Cl’ will gain one electron to its outermost shell

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 When ‘Na’ and ‘Cl’ react……

❖ Sodium and chloride ions, are oppositely charged,

⮚ They attract each other
⮚ They are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction to exist as sodium
chloride (NaCl).
❖ sodium chloride does not exist as molecules but aggregates of oppositely
charged ions

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Properties of ionic
compounds
 Properties of ionic compounds
❖ Hardness: Non-metals are not hard rather they are generally soft. But
the diamond is an exception; it is the hardest naturally occurring
substance.
❖ State: Non-metals may be solid, liquid or gas.
❖ Lustre: Non-metals have a dull appearance. Diamond and iodine are
exceptions.
❖ Sonority: Non-metals are not sonorous, i.e., they do not produce a
typical sound on being hit.
❖ Conduction: Non-metals are a bad conductor of heat and electricity.
Graphite which is allotrope of carbon is a good conductor of electricity
and is an exception.
❖ Malleability and ductility: Non-metals are brittle.
❖ Melting and boiling point: Non-metals have generally low melting
and boiling points.
❖ Density: Most of the non-metals have low density.
❖ Colour: Non-metals are in many colours.

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 Properties of ionic compounds
❖ Ionic compounds are solid. Ionic bond has a greater force of
attraction because of which ions attract each other strongly. This
makes ionic compounds solid.
❖ Ionic compounds are brittle.
❖ Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because
force of attraction between ions of ionic compounds is very
strong.
❖ Ionic compounds generally dissolve in water.
❖ Ionic compounds are generally insoluble in organic solvents; like
kerosene, petrol, etc.
❖ Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state.
❖ The solution of ionic compounds in water conduct electricity. This
happens because ions present in the solution of ionic compound
facilitate the passage of electricity by moving towards opposite
electrodes.
❖ Ionic compounds conduct electricity in the molten state.

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Occurrence and Extraction of Metals

❖ Minerals, ores, extraction of metals of least reactivity, extraction

of metals of middle reactivity, extraction of metals of high
reactivity, refining or purification of metals and corrosion.

❖ Source of metal: Metals occur in Earth’s crust and in

seawater; in the form of ores. Earth’s crust is the major source
of metal. Seawater contains many salts such as sodium
chloride, magnesium chloride, etc.

❖ Mineral: Minerals are naturally occurring substances which

have a uniform composition.

❖ Ores: The minerals from which a metal can be profitably

extracted are called Ores.

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Occurrence and Extraction of Metals
❖ Metals found at the bottom of reactivity
series are least reactive and they are often
found in nature in free-state; such as gold,
silver, copper, etc. Copper and silver are also
found in the form of sulphide and oxide ores.
❖ Metals found in the middle of reactivity
series, such as Zn, Fe, Pb, etc. are usually
found in the form of oxides, sulphides or
carbonates.
❖ Metals found at the top of the reactivity
series are never found in free-state as they
are very reactive, example; K, Na, Ca, Mg
and Al, etc.
❖ Many metals are found in the form of oxides
because oxygen is abundant in nature and is
very reactive.

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 Extraction of Metals

❖ Metals can be categorised into three parts on the basis of their

reactivity:
1. Most reactive,
2. Medium reactive
3. Least reactive.

The three major steps involved in the extraction of a metal from its
ore are
1. Concentration or enrichment of ores.
2. Conversion of concentrated ore into crude metal and,
3. Refining of impure or crude metal.

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 Extraction of Metals

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 Concentration of Ores

❖ Removal of impurities, such as soil, sand, stone, silicates, etc.

from mines ore is known as Concentration of Ores.

❖ These impurities are called gangue

❖ The concentration of ores is also known as enrichment of ores

❖ Process of concentration depends upon physical and chemical properties

of ores

❖ Examples for processes  of concentration of ores -

1. Gravity separation
2. Electromagnetic separation
3. Froth flotation process,

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 Conversion of Concentrated
Ore into Crude Metal
❖ Conversion of metals ores into oxides

It is easy to obtain metals from their oxides

Ores found in the form of sulphide and carbonates are first converted
to their oxides by the process of roasting and calcination.
Oxides of metals so obtained are converted into metals by the
process of reduction.

Roasting: Heating of sulphide ores in the presence of excess air to

convert them into oxides is known as Roasting.
2ZnS+3O2 HEAT 2ZnO+2SO2

Calcination: Heating of carbonate ores in the limited supply of air to

convert them into oxides is known as Calcination.

ZnCO3 (s) HEAT   ZnO(s) + CO2(g) 

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 Conversion of Concentrated
Ore into Crude Metal
Calcination Roasting
(i) It is done for carbonate ores. (i) It is done for sulphide ores.
(ii) Carbonates ores heated in (ii) Sulphide ores are heated in
the absence of oxygen. the Presence of oxygen.
(iii) The CO2 gas is released (iii) SO2 gas is released and
and Metal oxide is obtained. Metal oxide is obtained.

ZnCO3(s) heat→ ZnO(s) + CO2(g) 2ZnS(s)+3O2(g) heat → 2ZnO(s) +

2SO2(g)

Reduction: Heating of oxides of metals to turn them into metal is

known as Reduction.
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 Extraction of Metals of Least
Reactivity
❖ Mercury and copper, which belong to the least reactivity series, are often
found in the form of their sulphide ores.
❖ Cinnabar (HgS) is the ore of mercury. Copper glance (Cu2S) is the ore of
copper.

❖ Extraction of Mercury Metal:

Cinnabar (HgS) is first heated in air. This turns HgS (mercury
sulphide or cinnabar) into HgO (mercury oxide) by liberation of sulphur
dioxide.

Mercury oxide so obtained is again heated strongly in limited supply

of air(calcination). This reduces mercury oxideto mercury metal.

2HgS + 3O2 ⇨ 2HgO + 2SO2

2HgO ⇨ 2Hg + O2

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 Extraction of Metals of Least
Reactivity

❖ Extraction of Copper Metal::

Copper glance (Cu2S) is roasted in the presence of air.
Roasting turns copper glance (ore of copper) into copper (l) oxide.

Copper oxide is then heated in the absence of air. This reduces

copper (l) oxide into copper metal.

2Cu2S + 3O2 ⇨ 2Cu2O + 2SO2

2Cu2O + Cu2S ⇨ 6Cu + SO2

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 Extraction of Metals of Middle
Reactivity
❖ Iron, zinc, lead, etc. are found in the form of carbonate or sulphide ores.
Carbonate or sulphide ores of metals are first converted into respective
oxides and then oxides are reduced to respective metals.

❖ Extraction of Zinc Metal:

Zinc blende (ZnS: zinc sulphide) and smithsonite or zinc spar or
calamine (ZnCO3: zinc carbonate) are ores of zinc.

Zinc blende is roasted to be converted into zinc oxide.

Zinc spar is put under calcination to be converted into zinc oxide.
2ZnS + 3O2 ⇨ 2ZnO + 2SO2
ZnCO3 ⇨ ZnO + CO2
Zinc oxide so obtained is reduced to zinc metal by heating with carbon
(a reducing agent).
ZnO + C ⇨ Zn + CO

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 Extraction of Metals of Middle
Reactivity

❖ Extraction of Iron: Hematite ore (Fe2O3) is heated with carbon to be

reduced to iron metal.

Fe2O3 + 3C ⇨ 4Fe + 3CO2

Extraction of lead from lead oxide: Lead oxide is heated with carbon
to be reduced to lead metal.

2PbO + C ⇨ 2Pb + CO2

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 Reduction of Metal oxide by
Heating with Aluminium:
❖ Metal oxides are heated with aluminium (a reducing agent) to be reduced
to metal. These displacement reactions are highly exothermic. Amount of
heat evolved is so large that produced metals are in molten state.
❖ Manganese dioxide and copper oxide are reduced to respective metals
when heated with aluminium.

3MnO2 + 4Al ⇨ 3Mn + 2Al2O3

3CuO + 2Al ⇨ 3Cu + Al2O3 + heat

Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide, which means it shows dual

nature, i.e. both acidic and basic nature.
Thermite Reaction: Ferric oxide (when heated with aluminium) is reduced to iron
metal. In this reaction, lot of heat is produced. This reaction is also known as
Thermite Reaction. Thermite reaction is used in welding of electric conductors, iron
joints, etc. such as joints in railway tracks. This is also known as Thermite Welding
(TW).
Fe2O3 + 2Al ⇨ 2Fe + Al2O3 + heat
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 Extraction of Metals of High
Reactivity
❖ Metals of high reactivity; such as sodium, calcium, magnesium,
aluminium, etc. are extracted from their ores by electrolytic reduction.

❖ These metals cannot be reduced using carbon because carbon is less

reactive than them.

❖ Electrolytic Reduction: Electric current is passed through the molten

state of metal ores. Metal being positively charged is deposited over the
cathode.

❖ Sodium : When electric current is passed through molten state or

solution of sodium chloride, sodium metal is deposited over cathode.
Na+ + e− ⇨ Na

2Cl− − e− ⇨ Cl2 Metals obtained from the process of

electrolytic reduction are pure in form.
2NaCl ⇨ 2Na + Cl2
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 LINKS:

https://youtu.be/RV7Z1HnJJ9A

https://youtu.be/wh_JyiS-6bE

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