Pcal 001

PRE-CALCULUS
 Module 1: CONIC
SECTIONS
⊹ Module Overview:
This module starts with the introduction to conic
sections: its definition and properties. The whole module
is divided into four lessons, one conic section for each
lesson. Circle, parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola
comprises the four lessons, respectively. Each lesson
starts with a definition, derivation of the standard and
general equation, examples, activities, and ends with an
assessment.
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THE
CIRCLE
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

a. Illustrate the different types of the conic sections:
parabola, ellipse, circle, hyperbola;
b. Define a circle;
c. Find the standard form of the equation of a circle with
center at the origin and point (ℎ,𝑘);
d. Graph s circle in a rectangular coordinate system; and
e. Solve situational problem applications involving
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circles.
Introduction to conic
sections
Traditionally, the three types of conic sections:
1. Ellipse
2. Parabola
3. Hyperbola

An ellipse has a special type known as the circle and

is considered as the fourth conic section.
Introduction to conic
sections
Conic Section
• simply known as conic
• describe as the intersection of a plane and a
double-napped cone

Note: The intersecting plane does not pass through

the vertex of the cone. If the said plane passes
through the vertex, the resulting figure is a
degenerate conic.
• Circle – (Figure 1) is formed when the plane is parallel
with the base of the double-napped cone.

“
- When the plane is tilted and intersects only one cone
to form a bounded curve, an ellipse is formed, as shown
in Figure 1.
• On the other hand, when the tilted plane intersects only
one cone to form an unbounded curve, a parabola is
formed (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Parabola
Figure 1. Ellipse and circle. 6
• when the plane (not necessarily vertical)
intersects both cones to form two unbounded

“
•
curves, a hyperbola is formed (Figure 3)
The intersecting plane does not pass through the
vertex of the cone. If the said plane passes
through the vertex, the resulting figure is a
degenerate conic.

Figure 4. Degenerate conics.

Figure 3. Hyperbola.
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DEFINITION OF CIRCLE

⊹ A circle is a set of all points on a plane

that are equidistant from a fixed point on
the plane. The center is called the fixed
point, and the distance from the center to
Figure 5. The Circle. any point of the circle is called the
radius.

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⊹ Consider Figure 6, with the point shown. Form the figure, the distance of from can be
computed using the distance formula
2
√
𝑑= ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥1 ) + ( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 )
2

Hence, the distance from to units.

Then again, the distance of from
There are also other points .The collection of these points, which are five units
away from , forms a circle.
The point is the center of the circle. And the segment joining the points C and P is the radius.

Figure 6. Circle in a Cartesian coordinate plane

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 Standard Form of the Equation of Circle

Suppose that P(x, y) is a point on the circle, C(h, k)

be the center of the circle (not on the origin), and r be the
radius of the circle. It has a center 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and radius 𝑟 > 0.
A point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is on the circle if and only if 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑟. For any
such point then, its coordinate should satisfy the following.

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 ⊹Hence, is the standard equation with the center at
and radius .
Remarks:
In the above equation, if the right member becomes zero, then
we only have a single point (h, k), which is called a point –
circle, while if the right member is negative, then clearly, there
is no circle formed.

Center at the origin:

Suppose that point P(x, y) is a point on the circle, and the

center (h,k) of the circle is at the origin, then and . The standard
equation is then

.
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 General form OF THE
EQUATION OF CIRCLE

The general equation of a circle is given by the equation

Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0,

⊹  where A, C, D, and F are elements of real numbers and A

not equal to zero, and (x, y) is a point on the circle. The
general equation of a circle is obtained by simplifying the
standard equation.

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Example # 1

Example 1.1. In each item, give the standard and the

general equation of the circle satisfying the given
conditions.
a. center at the origin, radius 4
As discussed previously, the standard equation of the circle is , with radius
and center at . Hence, we will just simply substitute the given into the standard
equation to answer 1.1.a.
Thus the standard equation is given by

or simply
.
And the general form is
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b. center at , radius
Same with 1.1.a, we will substitute the given center and
radius to the standard equation. Thus, we have
.
Hence, the standard equation is given by
.
And to have the general equation, we will expand
the obtained standard form. Hence,

Thus, the general equation is

.

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c. circle in Figure 6

Figure 6. Circle in a Cartesian coordinate plane

From Figure 6, the circle has a center at with radius 5.

Similar to items 1.1.a and 1.1.b, we will substitute these
given to the standard form. Hence, the standard equation is
.
And the general equation is

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d. circle in Figure 7

Figure 7. Illustration for Example 1.1.h

By inspection, the center is at and the radius is 4.

Hence, the standard equation is
.
And the general equation is
. 16
e. circle in Figure 7

Similarly, by inspection, the center is at and

the radius is 3. Hence, the standard equation is
.
And the general equation is
Figure 7. Illustration for Example 1.1.h

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f. center at , tangent to the y-axis
Since the circle has a center at point and is tangent to the y-
axis, we can simply count the number of units from the center
to the point of tangency, which is , or we can use the distance
formula to solve for the distance from the center to the point of
tangency. Hence, the radius is 5, which further means that the
center is five units away from the y-axis
Thus, the standard equation is
.
And the general equation is
.

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g. center at , tangent to the x-axis

Similar to the previous item, the center is six units away

from the x-axis. Hence, the standard equation is
.
And the general equation is
.

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g. endpoints of the diameter are and

Since given are the endpoints of the diameter of the circle; hence we have to solve
first for the center and the radius. To solve for the center, we need to get the
midpoint of the segment joining the diameter. Recall that the midpoint formula is
given by

Thus, the center is

.
The radius is then

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g. endpoints of the diameter are and

.
 
Hence the standard equation is
.
And the general equation is
.

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 General equation to standard
form
If the circle is described in its general form,
Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
or
x 2 + y 2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0,
we can determine its equivalent standard form by completing
the square in both variables.

=
=

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General equation to standard
form
Give the equivalent standard form of the circle:

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Problem applications involving
circles
Let us now discuss situational problems involving circles.
 
Example 1.3.
A street with two lanes, each 10 ft wide, goes through a semicircular tunnel
with a radius 12 feet. What is the height of the tunnel at the edge of each lane?

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Figure 11. Illustration for Example 1.3
 Solution:
As shown in the illustration above, we had the origin in the
middle of the highway. From the given radius, the tunnel’s
boundary is on the circle with equation . Point is the point on
the arc just above the edge of a lane, so it follows that its x –
coordinate is 10. NOW, to solve for the height of the tunnel at
the edge of each lane, we need to solve for the y – coordinate of
point .
Since point is on the circle , we will substitute to to solve
for . We then solve, for , giving us
Thus, the height of the tunnel at the edge of each lane is
approximately 6.63 ft.

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“Believe in yourself and all that you are.
Know that there is something inside you that
is greater than any obstacle.”

Thank you
– Christian D. Larson

class!
Reminder: Don’t forget to answer the Learning Task
and Learning Assessment. God bless and Stay Safe 26