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SLA 4, L1 and L2 Learning

This document discusses first and second language acquisition. It explains that acquiring a first language is innate and easy for children, while acquiring a second language is more difficult for most people. The stages of first language acquisition from babbling to multi-word speech are outlined. Second language acquisition involves progressing through stages from minimal production to intermediate fluency over several years. Factors like fossilization, critical period, and affective filter can impact successful acquisition of a second language.

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150 views19 pages

SLA 4, L1 and L2 Learning

This document discusses first and second language acquisition. It explains that acquiring a first language is innate and easy for children, while acquiring a second language is more difficult for most people. The stages of first language acquisition from babbling to multi-word speech are outlined. Second language acquisition involves progressing through stages from minimal production to intermediate fluency over several years. Factors like fossilization, critical period, and affective filter can impact successful acquisition of a second language.

Uploaded by

Nenden Sri Fujiya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FLA

L1 AND L2 LEARNING
&
SLA
HAVE YOU EVER THOUGHT ABOUT
THIS???
 Why every single person can acquire the first language
(L1) easily?

 Why very few people manage to acquire a second


language (L2) succesfully?

 Why, even though you try your best as a teacher, some


learners have a hard time acquiring L2.
DO YOU, AS A TEACHER, FEEL LIKE THIS FROM TIME TO TIME?

EVERYBODY ELSE
I DON’T UNDERSTOOD
UNDERSTA
ND

WHY
“FULANITO”
DOESN’T GET
ANYTHING?
FIRST LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.
Noam Chomsky:

“Language is innate.” We are born with rules of


language in our heads= Universal grammar

Jeremy Harmer:

“Unless there is something wrong with them mentally or


physically, all children acquire a language as they
develop” (Harmer,1988).
FLA STAGES (L1)

COOING BABBLING
 2-4 months.
 6-8 Months
 Earliest speech-like
 Babies start to have
control on speech
sounds.
vocalization, this
 Laughter appears happens as an instinct.
around 4 months.  Sensitivity to the
phonetic distinction.
FLA STAGES (L1)

TWO-WORD
HOLOPHRASTIC STAGE
STAGE
 18-24 months
 9-18 months  Mini-sentences with
 Children communicate with 1 simple semantic relations.
word, relating it to many
similar things.
Examples: More cereal,
 They understand more than
papa away, no bed, bye
they can produce. bye car, dry pants.
FLA STAGES (L1)

TELEGRAPHIC
STAGE MULTIWORD
STAGE
 24-30 months
 Word combinations:
Me want that  30 + months
What her name?  Grammatical or functional
Chair fall down! structures emerge (the sintax
stage).
 These sentences resemble to
short messages in a telegram.
 Children language blooms into
fluent grammatical
 There are a lot of syntax conversation.
errors.
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

Students learning a second language go through five stages:


Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate
Fluency, and Advanced Fluency (Krashen & Terrell,
1983).

Students already have previous knowledge of language (L1).

Speed of progress through the stages depends on level of education,


family background, amount of exposure to the target language,
among others.
KRASHEN’S THEORY OF LANGUAGE
ACQUISITION VS. LANGUAGE LEARNING

ACQUISITION LEARNING

 It is natural.  It happens in an artificial


 It is informal. setting.
 It is subconscious.  It is formal.
 Not aware of grammar.  It is rule conscious.
 It is communicative.  There is awareness of
grammar and vocabulary.
Activities associated with learning have traditionally been
used in language schools and have good results in
knowledge “about” language, but not in fluency.
( Yule, 1955 ).

"Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target


language - natural communication - in which speakers
are concerned not with the form of their utterances but
with the messages they are conveying and
understanding."
Stephen Krashen
SLA STAGES (L2)
Pre-production (silent period) Early production

The learner:
The learner:
 Has minimal comprehension.
 Has limited comprehension
 Does not speak at all.
 Produces one or two-word
 Nods "Yes" and "No."
responses.
 Draws and points.  Uses present-tense verbs.
 Uses gesturing.  Answers yes / no questions.
 Repeats like a “parrot”  Benefits from: realia, vocabulary
everything with pictures, listening activities.

This stage may last up to 6


From 6 months to 1 year.
months. 
SLA STAGES (L2)

Speech emergence Intermediate fluency

The learner: The learner:


 Has good comprehension.  Has excellent comprehension.

 Can produce simple sentences.  Makes few grammatical errors.

 Makes grammar and   Willing to express opinions and

pronunciation errors. share thoughts.


 Asks simple questions, that may  Writing will have errors.

or may not be grammatically


correct, such as: May I go to
bathroom?

From 1 to 3 years. From 3 to 5 years


WHY VERY FEW PEOPLE MANAGE TO ACQUIRE A SECOND LANGUAGE FLUENTLY?

 Fossilization: no further learning


 Learners are not allowed to have appears possible. Learners will
a silent period, they are asked to have the same error despite of
produce when they are not ready any correction or grammatical
= Interlanguage explanation.

 Interlanguage is the mixture of  Critical Period: Before the age of


L1 and L2 to be able to
communicate = interference. 12, fluency may be reached.
After, this is no longer possible
due to the changes in the brain.
 Interference = errors.

 Affective filter: Motivation, self-


confidence, and anxiety all affect
language acquisition.
SLA STAGES (L2)
Advanced Fluency
 The student has a near-native
level of speech
 It takes learners from 5 to 10
years to become fluent.
WHY CHILDREN SEEM TO ACQUIRE L2 BETTER THAN ADULTS?

 Children have access to Universal Grammar.


 Adults are more influenced by L1.
 Children are more motivated than adults.

 Children recieve more imput in the second language than adults do.
THE USE L1 IN THE L2 CLASSROOM

ADVANTAGES

According to Paul Seligson:

 Unavoidable anyway.
 Reduces affective filters.
 Practice translation.
 Provides feedback.
 Discuss idioms.
Emotional stages when learning L2
Honeymoon stage: Learners are excited about
learning.

Culture Shock stage: Learners feel overwhelmed


because they can not communicate easily.

Integration Stage: Learners deal with the differences


between L1 and L2.

Acceptance Stage: Learners are able to prosper in


L2, they accept both cultures and combine them.
Some learners might even forget their native
language or reject their original culture.
REFERENCES

Yule, George. (2006). The study of language third edition. [on line]. Fourth
Worth: Harcourt Brace Janovich College Publishers . Retrieved on
October 4, 2009 from:
http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=Zw5Y0o0q1bYC&dq=yule+the+stu
dy+of+language&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=uo2v8ZcYYa&sig=
ixeYmIWXhPglFlSwoqSIAVE_0yc&hl=es&ei=ZmvNSqKeM8XY8AauzaS
FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=&f=fal
se

Everything English as a Second Language (2000). Everything ESL. [On


line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from
http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/language_stages.php

Luria, H, Seymour D.M, & Smoke, T. (2006). Language and Linguistics in


Context. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum associates, Inc. [on line]. Google
books. Retrieved October 5, 2009 from http://books.google.com.mx/books
 Pinker, S. Language acquisition. [on line]. Technical Report NIH grant HD
18381 and NSF grant BNS 91-09766. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
MIT Press. Retrieved October 3, 2009, from:
http://users.ecs.soton.ac.uk/harnad/Papers/Py104/pinker.langacq.html.
  
 Society for Research in Child Development (2009, September 21). Children
Under Three Can't Learn Action Words From TV -- Unless An Adult Helps.
ScienceDaily [on line]. Retrieved October 4, 2009, from:
http://www.sciencedaily.com­/releases/2009/09/090915100947.htm.

 Schütz, R. (2007, July 2). Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language


Acquisition. [Review of the book Second Language Acquisition and Second
Language Learning by Stephen Krashen]. Retrieved October 4,2009, from
http://www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html.

 You tube videos retrieved on October 3, 2009, from:


http://www.youtube.com/

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