Subject Name:- Engineering Mathematics

Subject Code:- KAS 103T

Unit No.:-3
Lecture No.:- 6
Unit name :- Differential Calculus-II
Topic Name: Maxima and Minima

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar

Department of Mathematics
Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 1
 Contents

• Extrema of function of two variables

• Lagrange’s Method of Multipliers
• Problems

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 2

 Maxima and Minima
Let f(x,y) be a function of two variables x and y. At x  a ;
y  b , f(x ,y) is said to have maximum or minimum value ,
if f (a ,b)  f( a  h ,b  k) or f (a ,b)  f( a  h , b  k)
respectively where h and k are small values
Extremum : A function which have a maximum or minimum
or both is called extremum f
Extreme value :- The maximum value or minimum value or both
of a function is Extreme value.
Stationary points: - The points (a,b) is called a stationary points if
f f
 0 and  0 . The value f(a,b) is called stationary value..
x x

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 3

 Conditions for Maxima and Minima
The necessary conditions for f(x,y) to have maximum or a
f f
minimum value at (a,b) are  0 and  0 . The value
x y
f(a,b) is called stationary value.
Sufficient Condition: Let (a,b) be a stationary point of the
differential function f(x, y) ; i.e. f (a, b)  0 and f (a, b)  0.
x y
Let f (a, b)  r , f (a, b)  s, f (a, b)  t
xx xy yy
(i ) If rt - s 2  0 and r  0, then f(a,b) is a maximum value.
(ii )If rt - s 2  0 and r  0, then f(a,b) is a minimum value.
Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 4
 Solved Problems
(iii) If rt - s 2 then f(a,b) is not an extreme value, (a,b) is called as
saddle point.
(iv) If rt - s 2  0 then no conclusion is possible and further
investigation is required.
Example . Locate the stationary points & examine their nature
of the following function :x 4  y 4  2 x 2  4 xy  2 y 2 , x  0, y  0
Sol. Let f(x,y)  x 4  y 4  2 x 2  4 xy  2 y 2
For extreme values, f ( x, y)  0  x3  x  y  0...(1)
x
f ( x, y )  0  y 3  x  y  0 ...(2)
y
Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 5
 Solved Problems
On solving (1) and (2) we get stationary points (0,0), ( 2,- 2),
(- 2, 2)
r  f xx ( x, y )  12 x 2  4, s  f xy ( x, y )  4, t  f yy (0,0)  12 y 2  4

At (0,0)  rt - s 2  0 , r  -4, no conclusion.

At ( 2,- 2)  rt - s 2  20 , r  20, function is minimum.
At (- 2, 2)  rt - s 2  20 , r  20, function is minimum.
Hence f ( x, y ) is minimum at ( 2,- 2), (- 2, 2).
Value of function  -8
Example . Investigate the maxima & minima, of the function:
x 3  y3  3x  12 y  20.
Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 6
 Solved Problems
Sol. Let f(x, y )  x 3  y3  3 x  12 y  20.
For extreme values, f ( x, y )  0  x  1
x
f ( x, y )  0  y  2
y
stationary points are (1,2), (1,-2)(-1,2), (-1,-2)
r  f xx ( x, y )  6 x, s  f xy ( x, y )  0, t  f yy (0,0)  6 y

At (1,2)  rt - s 2  72, r  6, function is minimum.

At (1,-2)  rt - s 2  72, r  6, neither maximum nor minimum.
At (1,2)  rt - s 2  72, r  -6 neither maximum nor minimum
At (-1,-2)  rt - s 2  72, r  -6 , maximum
Hence f ( x, y ) is minimum at (1,2) and maximum at , (-1,-2).

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 7

 Solved Problems
Maximum Value of function  38, Minimum value of function  2.
Example . Find three positive numbers whose sum is 100 and whose
product is maximum.
Sol. Let x ,y ,z be three  ve numbers.Then x  y  z  100
 z  100 - x - y
Let f (x, y)  xyz  xy (100  x  y )  100 xy  x 2 y  xy 2
For extreme values, f ( x, y )  0  y(100  2 x  y)  0...(1)
x
f ( x, y)  0  x(100  2 y  x )  0...(2)
y
100 100
From (1) and (2) ,stationary points are ( , )
3 3
r  f xx ( x, y )  2 y , s  f xy ( x, y )  100  2 x  2 y, t  f yy ( x, y )  2 x

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 8

 Solved Problems

100 100 2 10000 200

At ( , )  rt - s  , r ,
3 3 3 3
100 100
Hence f ( x, y ) is maximum at ( , ).
3 3

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 9

 Lagrange’s Method of Undetermined Multipliers
Let f(x, y,z) be a function of three variables x, y,z and the
variables are connected by the relation  (x,y,z)  0. ...(1)
Suppose we want to find the values of x,y,z for which f(x,y,z)
is stationary .
We construct an auxilliary equation , f(x, y,z)   (x,y,z)  0 ...(2)
Differentiating (2) w.r.t. x,y,z,
f 
 0 ...(3)
x x
f 
 0 ...(4) Lagrange's equations
x x
f 
 0 ...(5)
x x
Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 10
 Solved Problems
Eliminating  from these equations, the values of x,y,z are obtained
for which f(x, y,z) has stationary values. This method of obtaining
stationary values of f(x, y,z) is called Lagrange's method of undetermined
multipliers.
Example . Find the minimum value of x 2 yz3, subject to the condition
2x  y  3z  a.
Sol. Let f(x, y, z )  x 2 yz3 .......(1) and  (x,y,z)  2x  y  3z  a  0 ...(2)
Let the auxilliary equation be F(x,y,z)  x 2 yz3   (2x  y  3z  a)  0
...(3)
F
 2 xyz 3  2  0    -xyz3 ...(4)
x
Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 11
 Solved Problems
F
 x2 z3    0    - x2 z3 ...(5)
y
F
 3 x 2 yz 2  3  0    - x 2 yz 2 ...(6)
z
From equations (4), (5), (6), xyz3  x 2 z 3  x 2 yz 2
we get x  y  z
a a a
Substituting in (2) , we get x  , y  , z  ,
6 6 6
a 6
 
Minimum value of f(x, y, z )  x 2 yz3   
6

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 12

 Solved Problems
Example. Find the minimum distance from the point (1,2,2) to the
sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  36.
Sol. Let x,y,z be any point on sphere . The distance D from (1,2,2) is

D  ( x  1) 2  ( y  2) 2  ( z  2) 2 ,
f(x, y,z)  (x  1 )2  (y  2 )2  (z  2 )2 ...(1)
and  (x,y,z)  x 2  y 2  z 2  36  0 ...(2)
Let the auxilliary equation be
F(x,y,z)  (x  1 )2  (y  2 )2  (z  2 )2   (x 2  y 2  z 2  36)  0
...(3)
F x-1
 2( x  1)  2 x  0   - ...(4)
x x
Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 13
 Solved Problems
F y-2
 2( y  2)  2 y  0   - ...(5)
y y
F z-2
 2( z  2)  2 z  0   - ...(6)
z z
From equations (4), (5), (6), y  2 x and z  2x
Substituting in (2) , we get x  2, y  4, z  4,
Minimum distance  3 and Maximum distance  9
Example. Divide 24 into three parts such that the continued
product of the first, square of second and cube of the third may
be maximum.

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 14

 Solved Problems
Sol. Let x,y,z be three parts of 24, f(x, y,z)  xy 2 z 3...(1)
and  (x,y,z)  x  y  z  24  0 ...(2)
Let the auxilliary equation be
F(x,y,z)  xy 2 z 3   ( x  y  z  24)  0 ...(3)
F
 y 2 z3    0    - y 2 z3 ...(4)
x
F
 2 xyz 3    0    -2 xyz 3 ...(5)
y
F
 3 xyz 2    0    -3 xyz 2 ...(6)
z
From equations (4), (5), (6), y  2 x and z  3x
Substituting in (2) , we get x  4, y  8, z  12.
Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 15
 Important Questions
Q.1. Find stationary values of the function f(x,y,z)  x 2  y 2  z 2 ,
given that z 2  xy  1.
Q.2. Find the largest product of the numbers x,y,z when x  y  z 2  16.
Q.3. A rectangular box, open at the top, is to have a given capacity. Find the
dimensions of the box requiring least material for its construction.
Q.4. Examine for extreme values: x3  3xy  y3 .
Q.5. The temperature T at any point (x,y,z) in space is T(x,y,z)  kxyz 2
where k is a constant. Find the highest temperature on the surface of the
sphere x 2  y 2  z 2  a 2 .

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 16

 References
Reference Books:-
(i) B.V.Ramanna , Higher Engineering Mathematics (T.M.H. Publ.)
(ii) R.K. Jain & R.K. Iyenger, Advance Engineering Mathematics,
Narosa Publishing House.2002.
Text Books:-
(i) E. Kreyszig, Advance Engineering Mathematics,John Wiley & Sons
(ii) H.S.Gangwar and Prabhakar Gupta (New Age International
Publishers)
(iii) B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna
Publisher,2005

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 17

Thank You

Dr. Kamlendra Kumar 18