Chapter 5

Time Value of
Money

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall.

All rights reserved.
 Learning Goals

LG1 Discuss the role of time value in finance, the use of

computational tools, and the basic patterns of cash
flow.

LG2 Understand the concepts of future value and present

value, their calculation for single amounts, and the
relationship between them.

LG3 Find the future value and the present value of both an
ordinary annuity and an annuity due, and find the
present value of a perpetuity.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-2

 Learning Goals (cont.)

LG4 Calculate both the future value and the present value
of a mixed stream of cash flows.

LG5 Understand the effect that compounding interest more

frequently than annually has on future value and the
effective annual rate of interest.

LG6 Describe the procedures involved in (1) determining

deposits needed to accumulate a future sum, (2) loan
amortization, (3) finding interest or growth rates, and
(4) finding an unknown number of periods.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-3

 The Role of Time Value in
Finance
• Most financial decisions involve costs & benefits that are
spread out over time.
• Time value of money allows comparison of cash flows
from different periods.
• Question: Your father has offered to give you some
money and asks that you choose one of the following two
alternatives:
– $1,000 today, or
– $1,100 one year from now.
• What do you do?

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-4

 The Role of Time Value in
Finance (cont.)
• The answer depends on what rate of interest you could
earn on any money you receive today.
• For example, if you could deposit the $1,000 today at
12% per year, you would prefer to be paid today.
• Alternatively, if you could only earn 5% on deposited
funds, you would be better off if you chose the $1,100 in
one year.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-5

Time Value Of Money

The idea that money available at the present

time is worth more than the same amount in
the future due to it’s potential earning capacity.
The basis for this idea is that no rational entity
keeps money idle.
Thus, provided if money can earn interest, any
amount of money is worth more the sooner it is
received.
 Future Value versus Present
Value
• Suppose a firm has an opportunity to spend $15,000 today on some
investment that will produce $17,000 spread out over the next five
years as follows:
Year Cash flow
1 $3,000
2 $5,000
3 $4,000
4 $3,000
5 $2,000

• Is this a wise investment?

• To make the right investment decision, managers need to compare the
cash flows at a single point in time.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-7

 Figure 5.1
Time Line

•First step is to construct a timeline which helps to

visualize what is happening.
•It is a graphical representation used to show the
timing of the cash flows.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-8

 Figure 5.2
Compounding and Discounting

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-9

 Figure 5.3
Calculator Keys

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-10

 Computational Tools (cont.)

Electronic spreadsheets:
– Like financial calculators, electronic spreadsheets have built-in
routines that simplify time value calculations.
– The value for each variable is entered in a cell in the
spreadsheet, and the calculation is programmed using an
equation that links the individual cells.
– Changing any of the input variables automatically changes the
solution as a result of the equation linking the cells.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-11

 Basic Patterns of Cash Flow

• The cash inflows and outflows of a firm can be described by its

general pattern.
• The three basic patterns include a single amount, an annuity, or a
mixed stream:

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-12

 Cash Flow Patterns

The cash flow—both inflows and outflows—of a

firm can be described by its general pattern. It
can be defined as a single amount, an annuity, or
a mixed stream.
– Single amount: A lump-sum amount either currently held or
expected at some future date.
– Annuity: A level periodic stream of cash flow. For our
purposes, we’ll work primarily with annual cash flows.
– Mixed stream: A stream of cash flow that is not an annuity; a
stream of unequal periodic cash flows that reflect no particular
pattern.
Future Value and Present Value

Future Value is the amount to which a cash flow

or series of cash flows will grow over a period of
time when compounded at a given interest rate.
Present Value is the value today of a future cash
flow or series of cash flows.
Compounding is the arithmetic process of
determining the future value of a series of cash
flow when compound interest is applied.
 Future Value of a Single
Amount
• Future value is the value at a given future date of an
amount placed on deposit today and earning interest at a
specified rate. Found by applying compound interest over
a specified period of time.
• Compound interest is interest that is earned on a given
deposit and has become part of the principal at the end of
a specified period.
• Principal is the amount of money on which interest is
paid.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-15

 Personal Finance Example

If Fred Moreno places $100 in a savings account paying 8%

interest compounded annually, how much will he have at the
end of 1 year?
Future value at end of year 1 = $100  (1 + 0.08) = $108
If Fred were to leave this money in the account for another
year, how much would he have at the end of the second
year?
Future value at end of year 2 = $100  (1 + 0.08)  (1 +
0.08)
= $116.64

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-16

 Future Value of a Single Amount:
The Equation for Future Value
• We use the following notation for the various inputs:
– FVn = future value at the end of period n
– PV = initial principal, or present value
– r = annual rate of interest paid. (Note: On financial calculators, I is typically
used to represent this rate.)
– n = number of periods (typically years) that the money is left on deposit
• The general equation for the future value at the end of period n is
FVn = PV  (1 + r)n

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-17

 Future Value of a Single Amount:
The Equation for Future Value
Jane Farber places $800 in a savings account paying 6% interest
compounded annually. She wants to know how much money will be
in the account at the end of five years.

FV5 = $800  (1 + 0.06)5 = $800  (1.33823) = $1,070.58

This analysis can be depicted on a time line as follows:

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-18

 Present Value of a Single
Amount
• Present value is the current dollar value of a future amount—the
amount of money that would have to be invested today at a given
interest rate over a specified period to equal the future amount.
• It is based on the idea that a dollar today is worth more than a
dollar tomorrow.
• Discounting cash flows is the process of finding present values;
the inverse of compounding interest.
• The discount rate is often also referred to as the opportunity cost,
the discount rate, the required return, or the cost of capital.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-19

 Personal Finance Example

Paul Shorter has an opportunity to receive $300 one year

from now. If he can earn 6% on his investments, what is the
most he should pay now for this opportunity?

PV  (1 + 0.06) = $300

PV = $300/(1 + 0.06) = $283.02

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-20

 Present Value of a Single Amount:
The Equation for Present Value

The present value, PV, of some future amount, FVn,

to be received n periods from now, assuming an
interest rate (or opportunity cost) of r, is calculated
as follows:

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-21

 Present Value of a Single Amount:
The Equation for Future Value
Pam Valenti wishes to find the present value of $1,700 that will be
received 8 years from now. Pam’s opportunity cost is 8%.

PV = $1,700/(1 + 0.08)8 = $1,700/1.85093 = $918.46

This analysis can be depicted on a time line as follows:

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-22

 Annuities

An annuity is a stream of equal periodic cash flows, over a specified

time period. These cash flows can be inflows of returns earned on
investments or outflows of funds invested to earn future returns.
– An ordinary (deferred) annuity is an annuity for which the cash flow
occurs at the end of each period
– An annuity due is an annuity for which the cash flow occurs at the
beginning of each period.

– An annuity due will always be greater than an

otherwise equivalent ordinary annuity because
interest will compound for an additional period.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-23

What is the difference between an
ordinary annuity and an annuity
due?

Ordinary Annuity
0 1 2 3
i%

PMT PMT PMT

Annuity Due
0 1 2 3
i%

PMT PMT PMT

Future Value of Ordinary
Annuity
What is the future value of an investment
agreement where you will be given $100 at
the end of each year for a 3 year period?
It is always assumed in annuities that after each
payment is received it is invested at the
current interest rate.
Future Value of Ordinary
Annuity

0 10%
1 2 3

100 100 100

100 (1.10)
100 (1.10)(1.10)
Total = $331.00
Future Value of Ordinary
Annuity

FVA = 100[(1.103 – 1)/0.1]

= $331.00
Using the FVA Table
FVAn=PMT*(FVIFAi,n
ordinary table)
 Personal Finance Example

Fran Abrams is choosing which of two annuities to receive.

Both are 5-year $1,000 annuities; annuity A is an ordinary
annuity, and annuity B is an annuity due. Fran has listed the
cash flows for both annuities as shown in Table 5.1 on the
following slide.

Note that the amount of both annuities total $5,000.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-29

 Table 5.1 Comparison of Ordinary Annuity and
Annuity Due Cash Flows ($1,000, 5 Years)

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-30

 Finding the Future Value of an
Ordinary Annuity
• You can calculate the future value of an ordinary annuity
that pays an annual cash flow equal to CF by using the
following equation:

• As before, in this equation r represents the interest rate

and n represents the number of payments in the annuity
(or equivalently, the number of years over which the
annuity is spread).

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-31

 Personal Finance Example

Fran Abrams wishes to determine how much money she will have at the end
of 5 years if he chooses annuity A, the ordinary annuity and it earns 7%
annually. Annuity A is depicted graphically below:

This analysis can be depicted on a time line as follows:

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-32

Future Value of Annuity Due

0 1 2 3
10%

100 100 100

100 (1.10)
100 (1.10)(1.10)
100 (1.10)(1.10)(1.10)
Total = $364.1

FVAdue = $331 (1.10)

= 364.1
Using the FVAdue Table

FVADn=PMT*(FVIFAi,
n ann.due table)
 Finding the Future Value of an
Annuity Due
• You can calculate the present value of an annuity due that
pays an annual cash flow equal to CF by using the
following equation:

• As before, in this equation r represents the interest rate

and n represents the number of payments in the annuity
(or equivalently, the number of years over which the
annuity is spread).

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-35

Present Value of Ordinary
Annuity
What is an investment agreement that pays
$100 with 10% int. rate at the end of each
year for a 3 year period worth now?
It is the sum of the present values of all the
individual cash flows.
Present Value of Ordinary
Annuity

0 10%
1 2 3

100 100 100

$100/(1.10)
$100/(1.10)(1.10)
$100/(1.10)(1.10)(1.10)
Total = $248.69
Present Value of Ordinary
Annuity

PVA = $100 [(1-(1/1.103))/1]

= $248.69
Using the PVA table
PVAn=PMT*(PVIFAi,n
ordinary table)
 Finding the Present Value of an
Ordinary Annuity
• You can calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity
that pays an annual cash flow equal to CF by using the
following equation:

• As before, in this equation r represents the interest rate

and n represents the number of payments in the annuity
(or equivalently, the number of years over which the
annuity is spread).

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-40

 Finding the Present Value of an
Ordinary Annuity (cont.)
Braden Company, a small producer of plastic toys, wants to determine the
most it should pay to purchase a particular annuity. The annuity consists of
cash flows of $700 at the end of each year for 5 years. The required return is
8%.

This analysis can be depicted on a time line as follows:

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-41

Present Value of Annuity Due

0 10%
1 2 3

100 100 100

$100/(1.10)
$100/(1.10)(1.10)
Total = $273.55

PVAdue = $248.69 (1.10) = $273.55

Using PVAdue Table
PVADn=PMT*(PVIFAi,
n ann.due table)
 Finding the Present Value of an
Annuity Due
• You can calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity
that pays an annual cash flow equal to CF by using the
following equation:

• As before, in this equation r represents the interest rate

and n represents the number of payments in the annuity
(or equivalently, the number of years over which the
annuity is spread).

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-44

 Annuity Equations
FV of Ord. Annuity:

PV of Ord. Annuity:

FV of Annuity Due:

PV of Annuity Due:

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-45

 Finding the Present Value of a
Perpetuity
• A perpetuity is an annuity with an infinite life, providing
continual annual cash flow.
• If a perpetuity pays an annual cash flow of CF, starting
one year from now, the present value of the cash flow
stream is
PV = CF ÷ r

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-46

 Personal Finance Example

Ross Clark wishes to endow a chair in finance at his alma

mater. The university indicated that it requires $200,000 per
year to support the chair, and the endowment would earn
10% per year. To determine the amount Ross must give the
university to fund the chair, we must determine the present
value of a $200,000 perpetuity discounted at 10%.

PV = $200,000 ÷ 0.10 = $2,000,000

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-47

Mixed Streams/Uneven Cash
Flows
 Present Value of a Mixed
Stream
Frey Company, a shoe manufacturer, has been offered an opportunity
to receive the following mixed stream of cash flows over the next 5
years.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-49

 Present Value of a Mixed
Stream
If the firm must earn at least 9% on its investments, what is
the most it should pay for this opportunity?
This situation is depicted on the following time line.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-50

 Future Value of a Mixed Stream

Shrell Industries, a cabinet manufacturer, expects to receive

the following mixed stream of cash flows over the next 5
years from one of its small customers.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-51

 Future Value of a Mixed Stream

If the firm expects to earn at least 8% on its investments, how much

will it accumulate by the end of year 5 if it immediately invests these
cash flows when they are received?
This situation is depicted on the following time line.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-52

Other Compounding Periods

So far assumption was annual compounding.

This is the arithmetic process of determining
final value of a cash flow or series of cash
flows when interest is added once a year.
Sometimes interest can be added more than
once a year, like semiannual or quarterly
compounding.
 Compounding Interest More
Frequently Than Annually
• Compounding more frequently than once a year results in
a higher effective interest rate because you are earning on
interest on interest more frequently.
• As a result, the effective interest rate is greater than the
nominal (annual) interest rate.
• Furthermore, the effective rate of interest will increase the
more frequently interest is compounded.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-54

 Table 5.3 Future Value from Investing $100 at
8% Interest Compounded Semiannually over 24
Months (2 Years)

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-55

 Table 5.4 Future Value from Investing $100 at
8% Interest Compounded Quarterly over 24
Months (2 Years)

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-56

 Table 5.5 Future Value from Investing $100 at
8% Interest Compounded Quarterly over 24
Months (2 Years)

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-57

 Compounding Interest More
Frequently Than Annually (cont.)
A general equation for compounding more frequently than annually

Investing $100 at 8% interest rate for 2 years, assuming

(1) semiannual compounding and (2) quarterly compounding.
– M = number of payments per year
– r or, INOM = Annual Percentage Rate or Nominal rate
– n= time period (here, 2years)

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-58

 Continuous Compounding

• Continuous compounding involves the compounding of

interest an infinite number of times per year at intervals of
microseconds.
• A general equation for continuous compounding

where e is the exponential function.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-59

 Personal Finance Example

Find the value at the end of 2 years (n = 2) of Fred Moreno’s

$100 deposit (PV = $100) in an account paying 8% annual
interest (r = 0.08) compounded continuously.

FV2 (continuous compounding) = $100  e0.08  2

= $100  2.71830.16
= $100  1.1735 = $117.35

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-60

Comparing Interest Rates

Nominal Interest Rates are the quoted interest rates

often at Annual Percentage Rate.
Effective Annual Rate is the annual interest rate actually
being earned as opposed to the quoted rate when
compounding is done non-annually.
– Also known as “Equivalent Annual Rate”
– It is the rate that would produce the same future value under
annual compounding as would frequent compounding at a
given nominal rate.

– M = number of payments per year

– INOM = Annual Percentage Rate or Nominal rate
 Nominal and Effective Annual
Rates of Interest
• The nominal (stated) annual rate is the contractual annual rate of
interest charged by a lender or promised by a borrower.
• The effective (true) annual rate (EAR) is the annual rate of
interest actually paid or earned.
• In general, the effective rate > nominal rate whenever
compounding occurs more than once per year

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-62

 Personal Finance Example

Fred Moreno wishes to find the effective annual rate

associated with an 8% nominal annual rate (r = 0.08) when
interest is compounded (1) annually (m = 1);
(2) semiannually (m = 2); and (3) quarterly (m = 4).

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-63

Can the effective rate ever be
equal to the nominal rate?

Yes, but only if annual compounding is

used, i.e., if m = 1.
If m > 1, EAR% will always be greater
than the nominal rate.
 Special Applications of Time Value:
Deposits Needed to Accumulate a Future
Sum (finding CF)
The following equation calculates the annual cash payment (CF) that
we’d have to save to achieve a future value (FVn):

Suppose you want to buy a house 5 years from now, and you estimate
that an initial down payment of $30,000 will be required at that time.
To accumulate the $30,000, you will wish to make equal annual end-
of-year deposits into an account paying annual interest of 6 percent.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-65

 Special Applications of Time Value:
Deposits Needed to Accumulate a Future
Sum
The following equation calculates the annual cash payment (CF) that
we’d have to save to achieve a future value (FVAn):
FVAn= PMT*(FVIFAi,n)
So, PMT= FVAn/(FVIFAi,n)
Suppose you want to buy a house 5 years from now, and you estimate
that an initial down payment of $30,000 will be required at that time.
To accumulate the $30,000, you will wish to make equal annual end-
of-year deposits into an account paying annual interest of 6 percent.
PMT= 30000 /(FVIFA 6%,5)
PMT= 30000 /(5.6371)= 5321.89

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-66

 Special Applications of Time Value: Loan
Amortization

• Loan amortization is the determination of the equal

periodic loan payments necessary to provide a lender with
a specified interest return and to repay the loan principal
over a specified period.
• The loan amortization process involves finding the future
payments, over the term of the loan, whose present value
at the loan interest rate equals the amount of initial
principal borrowed.
• A loan amortization schedule is a schedule of equal
payments to repay a loan. It shows the allocation of each
loan payment to interest and principal.
© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-67
Loan Amortization

When banks provide loans

– Repayments are done periodically with equal
installments.
– Each installment includes a portion of the principal
amount borrowed and the interest.
Loan Amortization is the determination of the
equal periodic loan payments necessary to
provide a lender with a specified interest return
and to repay the loan principal over a specified
period.
– Principal amount = PVA of equal installments
 Special Applications of Time Value:
Loan Amortization (cont.)
• The following equation calculates the equal periodic loan payments
(CF) necessary to provide a lender with a specified interest return
and to repay the loan principal (PV) over a specified period:

• Say you borrow $6,000 at 10 percent and agree to make equal

annual end-of-year payments over 4 years. To find the size of the
payments, the lender determines the amount of a 4-year annuity
discounted at 10 percent that has a present value of $6,000.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-69

 Table 5.6 Loan Amortization Schedule
($6,000 Principal, 10% Interest, 4-Year
Repayment Period)

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-70

 Special Applications of Time Value:
Finding Interest or Growth Rates
(finding ‘r’)
• It is often necessary to calculate the compound annual
interest or growth rate (that is, the annual rate of change
in values) of a series of cash flows.
• The following equation is used to find the interest rate (or
growth rate) representing the increase in value of some
investment between two time periods.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-71

 Personal Finance Example

Ray Noble purchased an investment four years ago for

$1,250. Now it is worth $1,520. What compound annual rate
of return has Ray earned on this investment? Plugging the
appropriate values into Equation 5.20, we have:

r = ($1,520 ÷ $1,250)(1/4) – 1 = 0.0501 = 5.01% per year

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-72

 Special Applications of Time Value:
Finding an Unknown Number of Periods
(finding ‘n’)
• Sometimes it is necessary to calculate the number of time
periods needed to generate a given amount of cash flow
from an initial amount.
• This simplest case is when a person wishes to determine
the number of periods, n, it will take for an initial deposit,
PV, to grow to a specified future amount, FVn, given a
stated interest rate, r.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-73

 Personal Finance Example

Bill Smart can borrow $25,000 at an 11% annual interest rate;

equal, annual, end-of-year payments of $4,800 are required.
He wishes to determine how long it will take to fully repay the
loan. In other words, he wishes to determine how many
years, n, it will take to repay the $25,000, 11% loan, PVAn, if
the payments of $4,800 are made at the end of each year.

PVAn=25000, PMT=4800
PVAn=PMT*(PVIFAi,n)
PVIFA11%,n= PVAn/PMT=25000/4800=5.208
PVIFA11%,n =5.208 in table is equals to 8years.
© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-74
 Review of Learning Goals

LG1 Discuss the role of time value in finance, the use of

computational tools, and the basic patterns of cash
flow.
– Financial managers and investors use time-value-of-money
techniques when assessing the value of expected cash flow
streams. Alternatives can be assessed by either
compounding to find future value or discounting to find
present value. Financial managers rely primarily on present
value techniques. The cash flow of a firm can be described
by its pattern—single amount, annuity, or mixed stream.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-75

 Review of Learning Goals
(cont.)
LG2 Understand the concepts of future value and present
value, their calculation for single amounts, and the
relationship between them.
– Future value (FV) relies on compound interest to measure
future amounts: The initial principal or deposit in one
period, along with the interest earned on it, becomes the
beginning principal of the following period.
– The present value (PV) of a future amount is the amount of
money today that is equivalent to the given future amount,
considering the return that can be earned. Present value is
the inverse of future value.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-76

 Review of Learning Goals
(cont.)
LG3 Find the future value and the present value of both an
ordinary annuity and an annuity due, and find the
present value of a perpetuity.
– The future or present value of an ordinary annuity can be
found by using algebraic equations, a financial calculator,
or a spreadsheet program. The value of an annuity due is
always r% greater than the value of an identical annuity.
The present value of a perpetuity—an infinite-lived annuity
—is found using 1 divided by the discount rate to represent
the present value interest factor.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-77

 Review of Learning Goals
(cont.)
LG4 Calculate both the future value and the present value
of a mixed stream of cash flows.
– A mixed stream of cash flows is a stream of unequal
periodic cash flows that reflect no particular pattern. The
future value of a mixed stream of cash flows is the sum of
the future values of each individual cash flow. Similarly,
the present value of a mixed stream of cash flows is the
sum of the present values of the individual cash flows.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-78

 Review of Learning Goals
(cont.)
LG5 Understand the effect that compounding interest more
frequently than annually has on future value and the
effective annual rate of interest.
– Interest can be compounded at intervals ranging from
annually to daily, and even continuously. The more often
interest is compounded, the larger the future amount that
will be accumulated, and the higher the effective, or true,
annual rate (EAR).

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-79

 Review of Learning Goals
(cont.)
LG6 Describe the procedures involved in (1) determining deposits
needed to accumulate a future sum, (2) loan amortization, (3)
finding interest or growth rates, and (4) finding an unknown
number of periods.
– (1) The periodic deposit to accumulate a given future sum can be found
by solving the equation for the future value of an annuity for the annual
payment. (2) A loan can be amortized into equal periodic payments by
solving the equation for the present value of an annuity for the periodic
payment. (3) Interest or growth rates can be estimated by finding the
unknown interest rate in the equation for the present value of a single
amount or an annuity. (4) An unknown number of periods can be
estimated by finding the unknown number of periods in the equation
for the present value of a single amount or an annuity.

© 2012 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 5-80