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L4 Infiltration

This document discusses infiltration, which is the movement of water through soil. It plays an important role in runoff and groundwater recharge. The infiltration capacity is the maximum rate at which soil can absorb water and depends on soil type, texture, permeability, and drainage. Common methods to measure infiltration capacity include infiltrometers like simple flooding rings and rainfall simulators. Infiltration indices provide average infiltration rates, with the φ-index being the rainfall amount equal to runoff and the W-index separating initial losses from total abstractions.

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55 views10 pages

L4 Infiltration

This document discusses infiltration, which is the movement of water through soil. It plays an important role in runoff and groundwater recharge. The infiltration capacity is the maximum rate at which soil can absorb water and depends on soil type, texture, permeability, and drainage. Common methods to measure infiltration capacity include infiltrometers like simple flooding rings and rainfall simulators. Infiltration indices provide average infiltration rates, with the φ-index being the rainfall amount equal to runoff and the W-index separating initial losses from total abstractions.

Uploaded by

dil afroza karim Lina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydrology

Infiltration

Dr. Md. Reaz A


Mullick
L-2
Infiltration – Definition
 Movement of water through the soil
 Plays a significant role in the runoff process by affecting
the timing, distribution and magnitude of the surface
runoff.
 Primary step in the natural groundwater recharge
 Might contribute to GW flow
Infiltration capacity

 The maximum rate at which a given soil at a given time can


absorb water
 Designated as fc
 Expressed in unit of cm/hr
 The actual rate of infiltration f can be expressed as
 f = fc when i ≥ fc
 f = i when i < fc i is the intensity of rainfall
 Type of soil (sand, silt, clay), its texture, permeability and
underdrainage (facility to transmit infiltered water downward to
GW storage) are important
 A loose, permeable sandy soil will have larger infiltration capacity than
a tight clayey soil.
 Soil with good underdrainage have higher infiltration capacity
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Infiltration measurement

 Infiltrometer
 Flooding type – two types: simple, ring
 Rainfall simulator
 Simple flooding type –
 cylindrical 30 cm dia, 60 cm long, open at both end.
 Cylinder is driven into ground to a depth of 50 cm.
 As infiltration proceeds the volume is made up by adding
water and keep the water level fixed
 Knowing the vol of water added at different time interval,
the plot of the infiltration capacity vs time is obtained

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● Disadvantage of flooding type
● Raindrop-impact effect is not
simulated
● Driving of the tube or rings
disturbs the soil structure
● Large meter gives less rate

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Rainfall simulator
 Small plot of land 2m x 4m size with
rainfall arrangement
 Simulate different intensities and
duration rainfall.
 Using water budget, infiltration capacity
is determined
 P + Qin = ET + ∆S + Qout (A1) where P is precipitation, Qin is water
flow into the watershed, ET is evapotranspiration (the sum of
evaporation from soils, surface-water bodies, and plants), ∆S is
change in water storage, and Qout is water flow out of the watershed .
 Effect of rainfall impact and turbidity of
the surface water is the problem

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Infiltration indices
 Average infiltration rate is called infiltration indices.
Two types of indices
  - index
 The  - index is the average rainfall above which the rainfall
volume is equal to the runoff volume.

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 W – index
 Refining  - index, the initial looses are separated from the
total abstractions and an average value of infiltration rate is
called W – Index
 W = (P-R-Ia)/te
P=total precipitation (cm), R = runoff (cm), Ia = Initial loss, te = time of rainfall
excess

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