Giani Zail Singh Campus

College of Engineering
Technology &Maharaj Ranjit
Singh Punjab Technical
University Bathinda

Submitted To :- Dr. Ved Parkash

Submitted By:- Amninder Singh,

Deepak Kumar, Lucky Singh, Mohit Naagar, Naveen Kumar

UNI Roll No. :- 99200340006, 08, 11, 14, 15

Branch :- Electrical Engg (5th Sem)
 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
Automation of many different processes, such as controlling machines, basic relay control, motion control, process control is
done through the use of small computers called a programmable logic controller (PLC). This is actually a control device that
consists of a programmable microprocessor, and is programmed using a specialized computer language.

A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of
electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or lighting fixtures.
PLC’s are used in many industries and machines, such as packaging and semiconductor machines.Unlike general-purpose
computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to
electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-
backed or non-volatile memory.

Figure: Programmable logic controller (PLC)

 Architecture of PLC

PARTS OF PLC

POWER SUPPLY

MCU

INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

EXPANSION PORT

MEMORY MODULE

COMMUNICATION PORT

Figure: Architecture of Plc

 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF PLC
PLC programs are made up of a combination of the "gates" together with inputs, outputs, timers, counters, internal memory
bits, analog inputs, analog outputs, mathematical calculations, comparators etc.

INPUTS
These are the physical connections from the real world to the PLC. They can be limit switches, push buttons, and sensors,
anything that can "switch" a signal on or off. The voltages of these devices are usually, but not always, 24 Volt DC.
Manufacturers make inputs that can accept a wide range of voltages both ac and dc. It should be remembered that an input
will be ON, "status 1", when the voltage is present at the input connection and OFF, "status 0", when the voltage is no longer
present at the input connection.
TYPES OF INPUTS OF PLC:-
USER TYPE: These are the inputs and outputs that are physically present and are practical to the inputs and outputs of the
PLC.
BIT TYPE: These are the inputs and outputs that are not physically present and are functional in the PLC only.

I/P O/P

0 0

1   1

   XIC (Examine if closed):

 XIO (Examine if open):
 Ladder logic
Ladder logic is widely used to program PLCs, where sequential control of a process or
manufacturing operation is required. Ladder logic is useful for simple but critical control systems,
or for reworking old hardwired relay circuits. As programmable logic controllers became more
sophisticated it has also been used in very complex automation systems.

Figure6: Simple ladder logic

Ladder logic has contacts that make or break circuits to control coils. Each coil or contact
corresponds to the status of a single bit in the programmable controller's memory. Unlike
electromechanical relays, a ladder program can refer any number of times to the status of a single
bit, equivalent to a relay with an indefinitely large number of contacts.
 

COMMUNICATION OF PLC WITH PC

To make communication of PLC with PC following steps are noted down:

 Connect PC and PLC via RS232 comport or Ethernet.

 Then click on RS Linx icon, a window will appear as shown in fig below:-

 In this window add drivers i.e. whether it is RS232 comport or Ethernet

and configure the drivers and closes the window.
 Then click on icon RS who on the RS Linx classic window, another
window will appear as shown in fig:-

Figure: RS WHO window

  
Timers:
 Timers are used to perform the timing operations. Time base is the minimum value of time in second that can be
taken by the timer. Preset value is the total number of the seconds for which the timing operation has to be done
Accumulator starts increasing the time in seconds up to the preset value. Upto the preset value of the accumulator
the enable bit of timer is high & the timer runs. When accumulator reaches the preset value then the timer stops and
the done bit of the timer becomes high.

In Micrologix 1000 and 1100 PLC there are three types of timers i.e.
 TON Timer
 T-OFF Timer
 Retentive Timer ON (RTO)
  
Counters:
 
Counters are used to count the number of operations. Its function is same as the timer accepts that the timer counts the
number of seconds and the counter counts the number of operations or pulses. At each operation the value of the
accumulator increases and when the value of the accumulator comes to the preset value of the counter then the counter
stops

Counter UP Counter Down (CTD)

 SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition System)
Introduction

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. It generally refers to an industrial control
system: a computer system monitoring and controlling a process. The process can be industrial, infrastructure
or facility based as described below:

 A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and
through this, the human operator monitors and controls the process.
 Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the Remote Terminal Units

 Programmable Logic Controller (PLCs) used as field devices because they are more economical,
versatile, flexible, and configurable than special-purpose RTUs.
 SCADA SYSTEM
Data acquisition begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and equipment status reports that are
communicated to SCADA as required. Data is then compiled and formatted in such a way that a control room operator
using the HMI can make supervisory decisions to adjust or override normal RTU (PLC) controls. Data may also be fed to a
Historian, often built on a commodity Database Management System, to allow trending and other analytical auditing.
SCADA systems typically implement a distributed database, commonly referred to as a tag database, which contains data elements called
tags or points.
 Movement of bottle on Belt:
CONCLUSION
Industrial processes ,the system provides automation of coal crushing and conveyor process with the
elimination of human working hazards the vehicle crusher and transportation.

It reduces the labour cost and PLC can be used for future rnhancement of industrial automation.

PLC can be used in production units of various beverage, clothing, and perfumes industries.

Security of bank accounts