C E O - W R E G R O U P

WATER
RESOURCES
E N G IN E E R IN G
CIVIL E N G I NE E R I NG O RI E NTAT I O N
DEFINITION OF
WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEEING
•It is the quantitative study of hydrologic cycle, the
distribution and the circulation of water linking the earth’s
at mosphere, land and oceans.
 CEO-WRE GROUP

W H A T is WAT E R
RESOURCES ENGINEERING?

Water resources engineering is the study and

administration of tools, structures, and methods
employed in the management and preservation of
life's most abundant resource. Water resource
engineers frequently participate in water
management to ensure that it is safe to drink for
humans, plants, and animals in addition to
examining how and t he best ways t o cont rol
wat er as it relates to water-related activities,
such as irrigation, waste disposal, and canal 10
development.
WHAT'S T H E PURPO SE OF
WAT E R RESOURCES
ENGINEERING?

Water Resource Engineers develop new equipment &

systems for water resource management facilities across
the country. The systems by Water Resource Engineers
ensure that citizens are provided with a continuous supply
of clean & uncontaminated water for drinking, living, &
recreational purposes. Water Resource Engineers not only
design these water management systems but often
oversee the construction & maintenance of these systems
too. An increasing population & continuous need for more
wat er st imulat es t his f ast -growing indust ry.
 PURPOSE OF WAT E R RESOURCE ENGINEERING
•Create new equipment and system increase the effectiveness and
efficiency of water treatment and aquatic resource management.
•Touch the water treatment facilities, underground wells, and natural
springs.
•Take budgetary constraints, government regulations, and other factors
into consideration when designing these system.
•May then oversee the construction and implementation of the system to ensure
that they are properly assembled.
•Manage also the maintenance of the system.
•Addresses issue caused by population, growth, aging equipment
and infrastructures and global warming
•Check flood levels when there is increased risk.
HISTORY
THE MAYA: AMERICA' S FIRST WATER RESOURCE
ENGINEERS

The Maya, who were among the first civil engineers in America, created special
water resource technology that allowed them to sustain a population density of
1800–2600 people per square mile. During their 2000-year history, the Maya made
numerous technical advances, including this exceptional engineering feat. The
integration of native ingenium with synergistic management to plan and build a
complex infrastructure led to these groundbreaking technological advances. The
effective water management technologies built into this infrastructure improved
the erratic supply of natural water. The Maya engineers created projects for the
provision of potable water, irrigation for aquaculture and agriculture, water
storage systems, storm water reclaiming, flood control, and building of roads and
bridges.
 MAJOR WATER MANAGEMENT
AGENCIES
•1802 – Stature created by Army Corps of Engineers.
•19th Century – Army Engineers distinguished themselves in the exploration and mapping of the
continent.
•May 1804 – most famous expedition was one by Lewis and Clark, who set out from St. Louis,
Missouri.
•1824 – Congress established the Army Corps of Engineers as the Nation’s
preeminent water resources manager.
•1850 – added water resources planning to the Corps’ responsibilities.
•1879 – Mississippi River Commission was established.
•1902 – U.S. Bureau of Reclamation was created to deal with the physical and
hydrological conditions in the western U.S.
•1933 – Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created.
•20th Century – US Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Reclamation and TVA utilize the
progress era concept of conservation and multipurpose development.
SUBDISCIPLINES OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•FLUIDS MECHANICS
•HYDROLOGY
•HYDRAULICS
•RIVER ENGINEERING
•STORM WATER
MANAGEMENT
•WATERSHED MODELING
SUBDISCIPLINES OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•FLUIDS MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics helps us understand the behavior of fluid under various forces and
at different atmospheric conditions, and to select the proper fluid for various
applications. This field is studied in detail within Civil Engineering under the water
resources engineering and also to great extent in Mechanical Engineering and
Chemical Engineering.
SUBDISCIPLINES OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•HYDROLOGY
Hydrologists work in conjunction with the
work of civil engineers in developing
water resources infrastructure. Hydrology
is the scientific study of the effects,
properties and distribution of water on the
earth's surface in soil, underlying rock
structures and in the earth's
atmosphere.
HYDROLOGIC OR WATER
CYCLE
What is
Hydrologic/Water Cycle?
Hydrological cycle can be
defined as the continuous
process of exchange of water
from the earth surface to the
atmosphere or vice versa by
the influence of solar radiation
or solar heat.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
1.Precipitation
2.Runoff
3.Evaporation
4.Condensation
5.Transpiration
6.Evapotranspiration
7.Infiltration
8.Storage
9.Interception
1. Precipitation

It is the fall of moisture from

the atmosphere to the earth’s
surface in any form. 
2. Runoff

Runoff is a flow from a drainage

basin in surface streams.

It generally consists of the flow

that is unaffected by artificial
diversions or storages.
3. Evaporation

It is the conversion of
natural liquids like water
into gaseous form like air.
Evaporation happens in
the water bodies
4. Condensation

Condensation is the process

by which
water vapor changes into
water.

Water vapor condenses to

form dew fog or clouds.
5. Transpiration

It is the evaporation taking place

from any plant or greenery.

Transpiration is the biological

process that occurs mostly in the
day.
6. Evapotranspiration

It is the combination of
evaporation and transpiration.
7. Infiltration

Infiltration is a physical process involving

movement of water through the
boundary area where atmosphere
interfaces with the soil.

Infiltration is inversely proportional to

runoff. In soil, if infiltration is less, then
the runoff is more. Similarly, more
infiltration gives less runoff.
8. Storage
Water storage places in atmosphere,on
earth’s surface, and in the ground.

Surface storage places are ocean, lake,

reservoirs, glaciers.

Underground storage occurs in soil, in the

cracks of rocks etc.
9. Interception
Interception is the process of
interrupting the movement of water in
the chain of transportation events
leading to streams.
What's the importance of
water cycle in water
resource engineering?
It is important for
solving the various
existing water-
related problems such
as problems
regarding the
quantity of water,
control, and
mitigation of flood,
irrigation, etc.
SUBDISCIPLINES OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•HYDRAULICS
Hydraulic engineering consists of the application of fluid mechanics to water flowing in an
isolated environment (pipe, pump) or in an open channel (river, lake, ocean). Civil
Engineers are primarily concerned with open channel flow, which is governed by the
interdependent interaction between the water and the channel. Applications
include the design of hydraulic structures, such as sewage
conduits, dams and breakwaters, the management of
waterways, such as erosion protection and flood
protection, and environmental management, such as
prediction of
the mixing and transport of pollutants in
surface water.
 SUBDISCIPLINES OF WAT E R
RESOURCE ENGINEERING

•RIVER ENGINEERING
River Engineering is a branch of civil engineering dealing with
the design and
construction of various structures to improve and/or restore rivers for both human
and environmental needs. These roles include designing major water distribution
systems that transport water to water users and collection systems that convey
waste and storm water, managing surface and
ground water resources, metering
and quantifying flows in rivers and streams,
modeling and designing major
water resources projects.
SUBDISCIPLINES OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

StormwaterManagement is the
process of controlling the stormwater
runoff that comes primarily from
impervious surfaces like parking lots,
driveways, and rooftops. Rural areas
are typically comprised of pervious areas,
such as farmland, pastures, and
woodlands.
SUBDISCIPLINES OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•WATERSHED MODELING
Watershed modelling is an essential component for water resources management.
Watershed models provide a tool for linking pollutants to the receiving
streams. Models provide quick and cost-effective assessment of water quality
conditions, as they can simulate hydrologic processes, which are affected by
several factors including climate change, soils, and agricultural management
practices. Watershed modeling is being utilized as a tool to better understand
surface and subsurface water movement and the interactions between these
water bodies. More importantly, they offer tools to guide decision making on
water resources, water quality, and related hazard issues.
WATERSHED DELINEATION
The watershed delineation is process for creating a boundary that
represents the contributing area for a specific control point or water
outlet, with the intent of characterization and analysis of portions of a
study area.

It helps users identify the water surface water features within a

watershed and understand the downstream impacts when planning and
implementing water quality and quantity related protection and
mitigation actions.
WATERSHED DELINEATION
Streamlines do not flow towards
drainage divides, and do not
intersect them .

Drainage divides are found along

the highest points of terrain.
WATERSHED DELINEATION
STEPS
1. Use a topographic map(s) to locate the river, lake, stream, wetland, or other water bodies
of interest.

2. Trace the watercourse from its source to its mouth, including all tributaries. This step
identifies the general beginning and ending.

3. Examine the brown lines on the topographic map that are near the watercourse. These
are referred to as "contour" lines. They connect all points of equal elevation above or below
a known reference elevation.
 The dark brown contour lines (thick lines) will have a number associated with them, indicating the
elevation. The light brown contour lines (thin lines) are usually mapped at 10-ft intervals, and the dark
brown (thick) lines normally are mapped at 50-ft intervals. To determine the final elevation of a
location, simply add or subtract the appropriate contour interval for every light brown (thin) line, or
the appropriate interval for every dark brown (thick) line.
WATERSHED DELINEATION
STEPS
4. Check the slope of the landscape by locating two adjacent contour lines and determine their
respective elevations. The slope is calculated as the change in elevation divided by the distance.

 A depressed area (valley, ravine, swale) is represented by a series of contour lines "pointing" toward the highest
elevation.

 A higher area (ridge, hill) is represented by a series of contour lines "pointing" towards the lowest elevation.

5. Determine the direction of drainage in the area of the water body by drawing arrows perpendicular
to a series of contour lines that decrease in elevation. Stormwater runoff seeks the path of least
resistance as it travels down the slope. The "path" is the shortest distance between contours, hence a
perpendicular route.
WATERSHED DELINEATION
STEPS
6. Mark the break points surrounding the water body. The "break points" are the highest elevations
where half of the runoff drains toward one body of water, and the other half drains toward another
body of water.

7. Connect the break points with a line following the highest elevations in the area. The completed line
represents the boundary of the watershed.
E X A M P L E S OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•HYDROELECTRIC-POWER
DEVELOPMENT

•WATER SUPPLY

•IRRIGATION
E X A M P L E S OF WAT E R
RESOURCE ENGINEERING

•HYDROELECTRIC-POWER
DEVELOPMENT
Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and largest
sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving
water to generate electricity. Hydropower plants can generate power
to the grid immediately, they provide essential backup power during
major electricity outages or disruptions. Hydropower provides
benefits beyond electricity
generation by providing flood
E X A M P L E S OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•HYDROELECTRIC-POWER
DEVELOPMENT
E X A M P L E S OF WAT E R
RESOURCE ENGINEERING

•WATER SUPPLY
A branch of engineering concerned with the development of
sources of supply, transmission, distribution, and treatment of
water. The term is used most frequently for municipal water
works, but applies also to water systems for industry, irrigation,
wastewater reuse, and other
purposes. Roles include designing major water distribution
systems that transport water to water users and collection
systems that convey
waste and storm water, managing surface and ground water resources, metering and
quantifying flows in rivers and streams, modeling and designing major water
E X A M P L E S OF WAT E R RESOURCE
ENGINEERING

•WATER
SUPPLY
 E X A M P L E S OF WAT E R
RESOURCE ENGINEERING

•IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Irrigation is the controlled application of water to croplands. Its primary
objective is to create an optimal soil moisture regime for maximizing crop
production and quality while at the same timeminimizing the environmental
degradation inherent in irrigation of agricultural lands. It is the engineering
of controlling and harnessing the various natural sources of water, by
constructing
dams and reservoirs, canals and
headworks, and finally distributing the
waterto the agricultural fields.
IRRIGATION SYSTEM CONSIST
OF
The (main) intake structure, or (main) pumping
station, directs water from the source of supply,
such as a reservoir or a river, into the irrigation
system.

The conveyance system assures the transport of

water from the main intake structure or main
pumping station up to the field ditches.

The distribution system assures the transport of

water through field ditches to the irrigated fields.

The field application system assures the

transport of water within the fields.

The drainage system removes the excess water

(caused by rainfall and/or irrigation) from the fields.
TYPES OF
IRRIGATION
 TYPES OF
IRRIGATION
Surface Irrigation
Surface irrigation refers to watering systems that use a
gravity-fed, overland flow of water to distribute water to
crops. Surface irrigation conveyance and distribution structure
date back over 6,000 years, making it one every of humanity’s
earliest engineering achievements.
 TYPES OF
IRRIGATION
Sprinkler Irrigation
With the help of a pump, a sprinkler irrigation system may apply water
under high pressure. It uses a small diameter nozzle in the pipes to
discharge rain-like water. Due to the wide range of discharge capacity,
water is spread through a system of pipes, sprayed into the air, and
irrigated most soil types.
 TYPES OF
IRRIGATION
Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation is the most effective
technique for providing water and
nutrients to crops with less
amount of water loss. It provides
water and nutrients straight to the
root zone of the plant in precise
amounts and at precise times, ensuring
that each plant receives exactly what it
requires, when it requires it, for
optimal growth.
 TYPES OF
IRRIGATION
Centre Pivot Irrigation
Center-pivot irrigation, also known as water-
wheel or circle irrigation, is a crop irrigation method in
which machinery rotates around a pivot while sprinklers
wet the crops. Irrigation occurs in a circular region
centered on the pivot, which creates a circular
pattern in crops when viewed from above.
TYPES OF IRRIGATION
CHANNELS
Channels are
Flume -is a
classified
Canal -is a long channel usually
according to:
supported on or
•Method and mild slope
above the surface
of channel which of the ground to
constructio maybe lined or carry water
n
• Cross- unlined across a depression
sectional
Area
• Alignment Culvert -a culvert Chute -a channel
-it could channel flowing partly having a steep-
slope
be full to drain water
across the highway and
rectangular If the drop in
railroad embankments
or circular elevation occurs
an a short
distance, the
chute is then
called a DROP
Cana Flum Chut
l e e

Dro Culve
p rt
Canal
Characteristics
According to the shape of their cross-section, canals are called
rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, circular, parabolic, and irregular
or natural.
Rectangular -channels
having
rectangular cross-sections Triangular -use only
are built of stable for smallroadside,
ditches,
materials such as lined gutters and laboratory
masonry rocks or timber works
Trapezoidal -the most
Circular -a popular
com mon
shape for channels with
sections for sewer and
unlined earthen banks,
culverts
generally it has stable
side slopes
That’s all, Thank You!