DSP LECTURE 1

S.M. Tasmeeh Ahsan

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
• Signals constitute an important part of our daily life. Anything that
carries some information is called a signal. A signal is defined as a
single-valued function of one or more independent variables which
contain some information. A signal is also defined as a physical
quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent
variable. A signal may be represented in time domain or frequency
domain. Human speech is a familiar example of a signal. Electric
current and voltage are also examples of signals. A signal can be a
function of one or more independent variables. A signal may be a
function of time, temperature, position, pressure, distance etc. If a
signal depends on only one independent variable, it is called a one-
dimensional signal, and if a signal depends on two independent
variables, it is called a two- dimensional signal.
• A system is defined as an entity that acts on an input signal and
transforms it into an output signal. A system is also defined as a set of
elements or fundamental blocks which are connected together and
produces an output in response to an input signal. It is a cause-and-
effect relation between two or more signals. The actual physical
structure of the system determines the exact relation between the
input x (n) and the output y (n), and specifies the output for every
input. Systems may be single-input and single-output systems or
multi-input and multi-output systems. Signal processing is a method
of extracting information from the signal which in turn depends on
the type of signal and the nature of information it carries
• . Thus signal processing is concerned with representing signals in the
mathematical terms and extracting information by carrying out
algorithmic operations on the signal. Digital signal processing has
many advantages over analog signal processing. Some of these are as
follows: Digital circuits do not depend on precise values of digital
signals for their operation. Digital circuits are less sensitive to changes
in component values. They are also less sensitive to variations in
temperature, ageing and other external parameters. In a digital
processor, the signals and system coefficients are represented as
binary words. This enables one to choose any accuracy by increasing
or decreasing the number of bits in the binary word.
• Digital processing of a signal facilitates the sharing of a single
processor among a number of signals by time sharing. This reduces
the processing cost per signal. Digital implementation of a system
allows easy adjustment of the processor characteristics during
processing. Linear phase characteristics can be achieved only with
digital filters. Also multirate processing is possible only in the digital
domain. Digital circuits can be connected in cascade without any
loading problems, whereas this cannot be easily done with analog
circuits. Storage of digital data is very easy.
• Signals can be stored on various storage media such as magnetic
tapes, disks and optical disks without any loss. On the other hand,
stored analog signals deteriorate rapidly as time progresses and
cannot be recovered in their original form. Digital processing is more
suited for processing very low frequency signals such as seismic
signals. Though the advantages are many, there are some drawbacks
associated with processing a signal in digital domain. Digital
processing needs ‘pre’ and ‘post’ processing devices like analog-
todigital and digital-to-analog converters and associated
reconstruction filters. This increases the complexity of the digital
system. Also, digital techniques suffer from frequency limitations.
• Digital systems are constructed using active devices which consume
power whereas analog processing algorithms can be implemented
using passive devices which do not consume power. Moreover, active
devices are less reliable than passive components. But the advantages
of digital processing techniques outweigh the disadvantages in many
applications. Also the cost of DSP hardware is decreasing
continuously. Consequently, the applications of digital signal
processing are increasing
• The digital signal processor may be a large programmable digital
computer or a small microprocessor programmed to perform the
desired operations on the input signal. It may also be a hardwired
digital processor configured to perform a specified set of operations
on the input signal. DSP has many applications. Some of them are:
Speech processing, Communication, Biomedical, Consumer
electronics, Seismology and Image processing. The block diagram of a
DSP system is shown in Figure 1.1.
• Discrete-time signals are signals which are defined only at discrete
instants of time. For those signals, the amplitude between the two
time instants is just not defined. For discrete- time signal the
independent variable is time n, and it is represented by x (n). There
are following four ways of representing discrete-time signals: 1.
Graphical representation 2. Functional representation 3. Tabular
representation 4. Sequence representation 1.2.1 Graphical
Representation Consider a single x (n) with values X (-2) = -3, x(-1) = 2,
x(0) = 0, x(1) = 3, x(2) = 1 and x(3) = 2 This discrete-time single can be
represented graphically as shown in Figure 1.2
• 1.2.2 Functional Representation In this, the amplitude of the signal is written against the values of n. The signal given in section 1.2.1 can be
represented using the functional representation as follows
• 1.4 BASIC OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES When we process a sequence,
this sequence may undergo several manipulations involving the
independent variable or the amplitude of the signal. The basic
operations on sequences are as follows: 1. Time shifting 2. Time
reversal 3. Time scaling 4. Amplitude scaling 5. Signal addition 6.
Signal multiplication The first three operations correspond to
transformation in independent variable n of a signal.
• The last three operations correspond to transformation on amplitude
of a signal. 1.4.1 Time Shifting The time shifting of a signal may result
in time delay or time advance. The time shifting operation of a
discrete-time signal x(n) can be represented by y(n) = x(n – k) This
shows that the signal y (n) can be obtained by time shifting the signal
x(n) by k units. If k is positive, it is delay and the shift is to the right,
and if k is negative, it is advance and the shift is to the left