Sensor networks ： an over

view
Tubaishat, M.; Madria, S.;
IEEE Potentials , Volume: 22 Issue: 2 , April
/May 2003
Introduction
 Miniature sensor devices
• low-cost
• low-power
• Multifunctional
 A sensor network that can provide
access to information anytime, anywhere
by collecting, processing, analyzing and
disseminating data.
Introduction （ cont’ ）
 Sensor networks promise to
revolutionize sensing in a wide range of
application domains.
• reliability
• accuracy
• flexibility
• Cost-effectiveness
• ease of deployment
Introduction （ cont’ ）
 Sensor networks enable ：
• information gathering
• information processing
• reliable monitoring
of a variety of environments for both civil and mi
litary applications.
Introduction （ cont’ ）
 The architecture of the sensor node’s hardware consists
of five components:
• sensing hardware
• Processor
• memory
• power supply
• transceiver
 These devices are easily deployed
• no infrastructure and human control are needed
Introduction （ cont’ ）
 Each sensor node has
• wireless communication capability
• sufficient intelligence for signal processing and f
or disseminating the data
 Communication in sensor networks is not t
ypically end to end.
 and wireless network
 Energy is typically more limited in sensor n
etworks. － difficulty in recharging
Introduction （ cont’ ）
 Bluetooth devices are unsuitable for
sensor network applications
• because of their energy requirements
• and expected higher costs than sensor nodes
 a denser infrastructure would lead to a
more effective sensor network.
• It can provide higher accuracy
• and has a larger aggregate amount of energy
available
Introduction （ cont’ ）
 if not properly managed, a denser networ
k can intelligence for signal processing a
nd also lead to a larger number of collisio
ns and potentially to congestion in the ne
twork
• increase latency
• reduce energy efficiency
Examples of possible applications
 Sensors are deployed to analyze remote locations
• the motion of a tornado
• fire detection in a forest
 Sensors are attached to taxi cabs in a large metropolitan area to study
the traffic conditions and plan routes effectively.
 Wireless parking lot sensor networks that determine which spots are
occupied and which spots are free.
 Wireless surveillance sensor networks for providing security in a
shopping mall, parking garage or at some other facility.
 Military sensor networks to detect, locate or track enemy movements.
 Sensor networks can increase alertness to potential terrorist threats.
A hierarchical sensor network
Sensor network challenges
 extending the lifetime of the sensor network
 building an intelligent data collecting system
 Sensor networks’ topology changes very frequently.
 Sensors use a broadcast communication paradigm whereas most networks
are based on point-to-point communications.
 Sensors are very limited in power, computational capacities and memory;
 Sensors are very prone to failures;
 Sensors may not have global identification (ID) because of the large amount
of overhead;
 Sensors are densely deployed in large numbers. The problem can be
viewed in terms of collision and congestion. To avoid collisions, sensors that
are in the transmission range of each other should not transmit
simultaneously.
 Ad hoc deployment requires that the system identifies and copes with the
resulting distribution and connectivity of nodes, and
 Dynamic environmental conditions require the system to adapt over time to
changing connectivity and system stimuli.
Requirements
 Large number of sensors
 Low energy use
 Efficient use of the small memory
 Data aggregation
 Network self-organization
 Collaborative signal processing
 Querying ability
Potential advantages of sensor
networks over MANET
 MANET － Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
 sensor nodes disadvantages
• are prone to failures
• may not have global identification (ID)
Potential advantages of sensor
networks over MANET
 sensor nodes advantages
• Wireless sensor networks improve sensing accuracy by providing
distributed processing of vast quantities of sensing information (e.g.,
seismic data, acoustic data, high-resolution images, etc.). When
networked, sensors can aggregate such data to provide a rich, multi-
dimensional view of the environment;
• They can provide coverage of a very large area through the scattering of
thousands of sensors;
• Networked sensors can continue to function accurately in the face of failure
of individual sensors. Thus, allowing greater fault tolerance through a high
level of redundancy;
• Wireless sensor networks can also improve remote access to sensor data
by providing sink nodes that connect them to other networks, such as the
Internet, using wide-area wireless links.
• They can localize discrete phenomenon to save power consumption;
• They can minimize human intervention and management;
• They can work in hostile and unattended environments; and
• They can dynamically react to changing network conditions.
How ad hoc sensor networks
operate
 An ad hoc sensor network is a collection of sensor nodes
forming a temporary network without the aid of any central
administration or support services.
• i.e. there is no stationary infrastructure such as base station
 Sensor nodes use wireless radio frequency (RF) transceivers
as their network interface
• they communicate with each other using multi-hop wireless links.
 Each sensor node in the network also acts as a router,
forwarding data packets for its neighbor nodes.
How ad hoc sensor networks
operate
 Ad hoc networks must deal with frequent
changes in topology.
 This is because sensor nodes are prone to
failure and also new sensor nodes may join the
network to compensate the failed nodes or to
maximize the area of interest.
 self-organizing sensor network and dynamic
routing protocols that can efficiently find routes
data.
How ad hoc sensor networks
operate
 work in a cluster
• For the tiny sensors to coordinate among themselves to ach
ieve a large sensing task in a less power consumption
• Each cluster assigns a cluster head to manage its sensors.
• advantages ：
• Clustering allows sensors to efficiently coordinate their local inter
actions in order to achieve global goals;
• Scalability;
• Improved robustness;
• More efficient resource utilization;
• Lower energy consumption; and
• Robust link or node failures and network partitions
How ad hoc sensor networks
operate
Data versus address-centric
 The principle idea of sensor networks is t
o design very cheap and simple sensor n
odes.
• thousands of these disposable nodes are use
d without any burden
• Giving a unique address for each node is cost
ly especially
Data versus address-centric
(cont’)
 Data-centric applications focus on data
generated by sensors.
• So, instead of sending a query say to sensor #45, the
query will be sent to say region #6 which is known
from the Global Positioning System (GPS) device
placed on the sensor nodes.
• The idea of using GPS to easily locate sensors is very
important when disseminating the data packet.
Aggregation
 Some sensor nodes are assigned to agg
regate data received from their neighbor
s.
 Aggregator nodes can cache, process an
d filter the data to more eaningful inform
ation and resend to the sink nodes.
Dissemination
 Problems
• when intermediate nodes fail to forward incoming
messages.
• Routing protocol should find the shortest path.
• Redundancy: a sensor may receive the same data
packet more than once.
 In sensor networks, two scenarios for data
dissemination exist:
• query driven
• continuous update
Dissemination (cont’)
 query driven
• Used as a one-to-one relation
• That is, the sink broadcasts a query and, in turn,
receives from the sensor nodes one report in
response to this query.
 continuous update
• a one-to-many relation
• the sink node broadcasts a query
• receives continuous updates for this query
Dissemination (cont’)
 The continuously updated data
dissemination scenario has a high rate of
energy depletion.
 but its data is more reliable and accurate
than the query driven
Last point
 The advantage of using these sensors is
their ability to maintain connectivity in
case of movement.
 Sensor networks should maintain
network connectivity even if some of
their sensors are moved.