Public Policy and

Program
Administration

Dr. Eva Magdamit Ramirez

UCC-Second Sem

January – June 2022

 WEEK 1-4

The Nature of Public Policy

• The Study of Public Policy Reading

• The Structure of Policy Making

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 WEEK 5-8

The Making of Public Policy

• Agenda Setting and Policy Formulation

• Legitimating Policy Choices

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 WEEK 9-11

Organizations and
Implementation of Public Policy
• Budgeting and Evaluation of Public
Policy

• Organizations and Implementation of

Public Policy

• Budgeting and Evaluation

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 WEEK 12-15

Philippine Public Policy

• Guide for Policy Analysis

• Structure for Philippine Policy Making

• Philippine Agenda Setting and Policy

Formulation

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 WEEK 16-18
Substantive Policy Issues

• Income maintenance Public Policy

• Public Health Care

• Education Public Policy

• Economic and Tax Public Policy

• Energy and the Environment Public

Policy

• Defense and Law Enforcement Public

Policy
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 OBJECTIVES

1. Define public policy and other related terms

2. Analyze the importance of Public Policy

3. Describe the nature and characteristics of Public

Policy

4. Examine what policies do

5. Examine the rationale of for Public Policy

 Defining the Fundamental Concept
What is Policy?

 A policy is typically described as a principle or rule to guide

decisions and achieve rational outcome/s.

 A purposive course of action based on societal values, followed in

dealing with a matter of concern, and predicting the outcome that
would result from the achievement of the purpose
 Policy is a product, authoritatively
determined, implemented and
evaluated by the government
institutions

 Government policies provide legal

powers that demand obligations from
and command loyalty of the citizens
 What is Public Policy

 Policy serving as the enabling and guiding framework for government in all sectors and
at all levels.

 Public policy is all about:

The intentions of the legislative authority towards society

The directions in which the legislator wants to steer society

The utilization of national resources

What is Public Policy
 Attempt by the government to address a public issue

 Principles and standards regarded by the legislature or by the

courts as being of fundamental concern to the State and the
whole society.

 Course of action or inaction taken by governmental entities with

regard to particular issue or set of issues.
Meaning of Public Policy
 System of courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and
funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a
governmental entity or its representatives

 Commonly embodied in constitutions, legislative acts and judicial

decisions; may also created by an executive order, bureaucratic
regulation, or provincial/city/municipal/barangay ordinance.
Meaning of Public Policy

 Also considered academic discipline as it is studied by professors and

students at public policy schools of major universities

 Basically the legal framework within which society operates.

 Composite of decisions that government makes and programs it

embarks upon or implements to achieve goals.
Meaning of Public Policy

 Implies process of formulating and promulgating a program based on

a set of principles.

 Rule of action, manifesting or clarifying specific organization goals,

objectives, values, or ideal or often prescribing the obligatory or most
desirable ways and means for their accomplishment.
 Distinctive Characteristics of Policies
 Authoritative

 Enforceable

 Flexible and Adaptable

 Feasible

 Clear

 Transparent

 Consultative
Aims of Public Policy

 Reconcile conflicting claims for scarce resources

 Encourage or foster cooperation that would probably not occur

without government influence or encouragement

 Prohibit morally unacceptable behavior

 Protect the rights of individuals

 Provide direct benefits to citizens

Nature and Scope of Public Policy
 The authoritative allocation of values for a society

 The process of deciding who gets what, when, where and how.

 What the government chooses to do or not to do about a specific problem.

 Establish the boundaries of our freedoms and color the contours of our
interaction with other people in our political, social and economic
systems.
Three (3) Parts to Public Policy Making

PROBLEM P L AY E R POLICY

 Individual or  Finalized course of

 Issues that action decided upon
group that is
by the gov’t; widely
need to be influential in open to
forming a plan interpretation by
addressed to address the NGO players and
private sectors
problem in
including church
question. and cultural
institutions.
 Public Policy Formulation Process
Phase 1:INITIATION Phase 2: Phase 3: Phase 4:
GENERATION IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION

Step 1: Agenda- Step 5: Policy Step 6: Policy Step 7: Policy

setting /issue formulation, decision- Implementation monitoring and
(problem)identification making and policy evaluation
Step 2: Policy drafting
instruments
Step 3: Policy Analysis
Step 4: Stakeholder
engagement,
consultation and
coordination
Step 1: AGENDA-SETTING/PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
Step 2. Policy Instruments/Sources
Step 3: POLICY ANALYSIS
The Value and Benefits of Public Analysis
Step 4: Stakeholder Engagement, Consultation and
Coordination
 Stakeholder Engagement Strategy
 Step 1. Identify stakeholders

 Step 2. Prioritize Stakeholders

 Step 3. Get to know and understand stakeholders

 Step 4. Stakeholder relationship management

Step 5: Policy Formulation and Adoption
Step 6: Policy Implementation
 Identify the underlying values and aspirations

 Understand the problem in its context

 Identify the alternative courses of actions

 Decide which dimensions of the problem are most important

 Predict the likely outcomes of different courses of action

 Measure the chosen courses of action against important values and aspirations
 Policy Content/Template
 Purpose Statement

 Applicability and Scope

 Background/Contextualization

 Definitions

 An effective date

 A responsibilities section-e.g. oversight and governance structures

 Policy Statements – rules indicating the specific regulations, requirements or modifications or

organizational behavior that the policy is creating
 Shaping Public Policy
1. Complex and multifaceted process

2. Interplay of individuals and groups ( interests ), competing/collaborating to

influence policy makers

3. Variety of tools/tactics used to advance aims

4. Advocating positions publicly – educating supporters/opponents, mobilizing allies

 Advocacy
 Attempt to influence public  Regarded as unseemly but it
policy through education, can clearly influence public
lobbying or political pressure. policy priorities.

 Educate general public/policy

makers like nature of
problem, needed legislation
and funding required for
services/research
Guidance for Policy Makers (Core Principles)
1. Politicians and Public servants are 4. Individuals and communities affected
accountable to the public
by projects have the right to
2. Elites, in politics and private
information regarding proposed
sector, do not have the right to
developments; the right to challenge the
pursue their interest without
constraints need for, and the design of projects, and

3. Government bureaucratic and the right to be involved in planning and

decision processes must be open, decision making processes.
accessible and transparent, as well
as responsive to the public
Stages in the Policy Process(John W.
Kingdom 1984)
1. Agenda Setting

2. Policy Recognition

3. Policy Generation

4. Political Action

5. Policy Formulation

6. Policy Implementation
 AGENDA SETTING
 Certain problems are viewed as  From many and competing
needing action while others are
claims, policy makers select
postponed; competing claims and
issues to be given priority and
prioritization gain or decline in
those to be filtered out.
prominence overtime.

 Many people contribute – president,  Confluence of three (3) streams

members of congress, executive of events: policy recognition,
branch officials, political parties, policy generation, and political
interest groups, media and the general
action.
public-in shaping public opinion.
 Policy Recognition
 Certain topics emerge as significant  Policy entrepreneurs invest personal
issues that demand action due to many time, energy, and often money to pursue
influences such as indicators that come policy changes by using publicity

to public view, feedback on current campaigns, direct contacts with decision

programs, or events that demand makers (letters, phone calls) petition

attention. drives, etc. Or involve themselves in

media, political parties, or interest
groups, that provide access to decision
makers
 Policy Generation
 May occur almost simultaneously with  Proposed solutions swirl around
policy recognition; likely that many are through speeches and articles, papers,
trying to generate solutions to the and conversations until a few ideas
problem. begin to gain special currency
 Ideas come from decision makers
 Ideas generated not only seem to
themselves, members of their staff, experts
correctly address the problem but seem
in bureaucracy, members of the scientific
also to be politically acceptable,
community, policy think tanks, or from the
general public
 Political Action
 To reach the top policy agenda, proposal
must be consistent with emerging
political realities.
- Consistent with prevailing political
climate
- Favored by incumbent administration
and legislative majority
- Support of interest groups
 Policy Formulation
 Development of formal policy  the committee reports to a larger body, a
statements (legislation, executive vote is taken in both houses, a
orders, administrative rules, etc.) that conference committee works out
are viewed as legitimate differences in the two versions, and the

 Procedure in legislation: a bill is bill is sent to the chief executive for his

introduced and referred to a committee ( signature.

and perhaps a sub-committee) hearings

are held,
 Policy Formulation
 President has formal and informal  Individual citizens and interest groups also

means of influencing legislation seek access and influence.

through program initiatives and budget

proposals.  Government agencies usually send program
proposals to the legislature for its
 Other government officials interact with
consideration.
Congress on a regular basis and may
 Agency personnel are often called to provide
also affect policy outcomes.
testimony regarding particular proposals due
to their expertise on public issues.
 Policy Formulation
 When relationship among interest
groups, agency personnel, and members
of Congress become strong, frequent
and intense, the resulting alliance is
called SUB-GOVERNMENTS or IRON
TRIANGLES that often exert great
influence.
 Policy Implementation
 Legislation is general and lacks details  Managers develop administrative rules

 or policies to give detail to legislation

Legislators cannot foresee questions
or fill in the gaps.
that may come up during
implementation

 Legislation leaves great deal of

discretion to public managers in
working out details of particular
program
 Categories of Public Policy
Regulatory Policy Distributive Policy Redistributive Policy Constituent Policy Self –Regulatory
Policy
Is explicitly
Pertains to the Involves the allocation of Pertains to the deliberate concerned with the Very similar to
imposition of restrictions services or benefits to effort by the government to establishment of the regulatory policy in that
or limitation on the the particular segments shift the allocation of wealth, structure of the they both restrict or
behavior of individual of the population and income, property, or rights government. It is a limit the behavior of
and groups. They reduce involves also the use of among broad classes or type of policy that is some segments of the
the freedom or discretion allocation of public funds groups of the population such nonetheless society. Some sectors
to act of those regulated. to selected individuals, as have and have-nots, concerned with state in the society. Some
Design to limit the groups or communities. proletariat and bourgeoisie. building. sectors in the society
actions of persons or Most common form of Take taxes from certain resort to self-regulation
groups so as to protect government policy, uses groups and give them to Intended to benefit for the purpose of
the general public or a tax revenues to provide another group. the public generally containing the behavior
substantial portion of the benefits to individuals or -income stabilization or to serve the of its members.
public . groups by means of (support to unemployed or government
grants or subsidies retired)
-social welfare (providing
direct payments to indigents)
-health care programs
(Philhealth)
 Public Policy and Public Administration

PUBLIC POLICY P U B L I C A D M I N I S T R AT I O N
 Is considered as a new addition among the  A field of business which is removed from the
fields of specialization in the discipline of hurry and strife of politics and stands apart
public administration. from the debatable ground of constitutional

 Its imprint in public administration dates back study. (Woodrow Wilson 1897)

as early as the 1960s when the government felt  Administration, unlike politics, is value-
the need to focus its attention in the neutral and is not a typical characteristic of
importance of public policy in the delivery of the word “politics” in the government realm.
the basic services.
 Public Policy and Public Administration

PUBLIC POLICY P U B L I C A D M I N I S T R AT I O N
Is always defined and studied  Public administration is essentially a
within the context of the study of “detailed and systematic execution of
public administration. public law. Every application of the general
law is an act of administration”.
In fact, public administration is
given another level of public  It is one of the complicated process which
prominence whenever public policy are often subject to a greater degree of
is discussed or considered. “politization”.
 Public Policy and Public Administration

PUBLIC POLICY P U B L I C A D M I N I S T R AT I O N
 The management of men and materials in the
accomplishment of the purpose of the state.

 It relates to the conduct of the government

business to the conduct of the affairs of any other
social organization, commercial, philanthropic,
religious, or educational, in all of which good
management is recognized as an elements
essential to success (Leonard White 1997).
 Public Policy and Public Administration

PUBLIC POLICY P U B L I C A D M I N I S T R AT I O N
 A cooperative group effort in a public setting: covers all
the three branches- executive, legislative and judicial and
their inter-relationships;

 Has an important role in the formulation of public policy

and in thus part of the political process;

 Is different in significant ways from private administration;

 Is closely associated with numerous private groups and

individuals providing services to the community; (Felix &
Lloyd Nigro, 2000)
 Public Policy and Politics
 Politics a function or an expression of the will of the  Politics may also be participated in all the
state, a way of reaching decisions through persuasion
stages of policy making process by several
and preferences. (Ira Sharansky, 1997)
key actors that include the elected
 Politics is attendant from the expression to the
lawmakers, administrative agencies,
implementation of the will of the state.
business groups, ngos, and other
 Politics can be observed in all stages of the policy
making process. professional groups.

 From the agenda setting and formulation to the

implementation and evaluation of public policies,
politics is likely to manifest in all imaginable
circumstances.
 Types of Politics
Populism Is considered as the most widely recognized form of politics and is well-known among the
different policymakers because they give them the most number of votes during election
period.

Partisanship Emphasizes the benefits of belonging to the same political group or political party in the
government. This form of politics is popularly described as “voting with colleagues against
the competitors”.

Patronage Is presumed to be a variant of partnership and is generally characterized by giving out of

favors o members of the same political party or interest group.

Ideology As a set of beliefs or ideas that guide the actions and behavior of a particular individual or
group of people. It represents the ideas and advocacies of its members which are normally
pursued in the government.
 Types of Politics
Profession and Are may possible by engaging sophisticated advisors in the government. The
Technical national government specifically the legislative and executive departments
Predispositions are often the largest employers of these professional and technical experts.

Is believed to be the exact opposite of populism. Many policy makers despite

Self-Interest being surrounded by technical experts and close associates are sometimes
motivated by their personal interests.

Exist among the different administrative agencies or offices of the

government. In ordinary situation, this type of politics appears because
Bureaucratic administration are motivated by power, prestige, or resources which the
Politics institution automatically provides.
Models and Categories of Public Policy
 Policy Making Process

AGENDA SETTING O P T I O N - F O R M U L AT I O N I M P L E M E N TAT I O N

 Agencies and  Alternative  The decided

government solutions are
policy is
officials meet to considered and
enforced.
discuss the final decisions
problem at are made
hand. regarding the
best policy
Steps in Making Public Policies
Steps in Making Public Policies